PSY381 Chapter 3-4 Lecture Notes PDF

PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Chapter 3: Elicited Behaviors they are automatically brought forth by the stimuli. Involuntary, i.e. you do not choose to salivate when you bite into a lemon 1 10/10/2023 3 4  Fixed action pattern: More complex than simple  The specific stimulus tha...

PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Chapter 3: Elicited Behaviors they are automatically brought forth by the stimuli. Involuntary, i.e. you do not choose to salivate when you bite into a lemon 1 10/10/2023 3 4  Fixed action pattern: More complex than simple  The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is reflexes. E.g. web building by spiders, V-shaped formation flying by birds. called a sign stimulus or releaser. • Fixed action patterns tend to be unique to certain species and are therefore sometimes called species-specific behaviors.   indicating their desire to play! 10/10/2023 Betta splendens aggressive posture to another male (the releaser) 10/10/2023 1 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Simple Mechanisms of Learning 5 6  sign stimulus or releaser.  Habituation and Sensitization  E.g. Deer have an inborn tendency to run a zigzag pattern  a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following when being pursued by a predator.  Confuses the predator.  Increases the deer’s chances of survival in wild.  But when it is being pursued down the highway by a car? repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.  an increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.  Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of ___________; becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of ____________. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Simple Mechanisms Simple Mechanisms 7 8  Why does repeated exposure to certain stimuli sometimes result in habituation and sometimes in sensitization?  One factor is the intensity of the eliciting stimulus: A low-intensity stimulus, such as the ticking of a clock, typically results in habituation, while a high-intensity stimulus, such as exploding artillery shells, typically results in sensitization.  A stimulus of intermediate intensity often results in an initial period of sensitization followed by habituation.  2nd factor: the adaptive (or evolutionary) significance of the stimulus. If a stimulus is extremely relevant, perhaps even dangerous, we may even become sensitized to it. sound of the trains outside or buzzing of a bee in your bedroom?  From an evolutionary perspective, if a stimulus is irrelevant or “safe,” we tend to ______ to it, whereas if a stimulus is perceived as a signal of danger we will become _________ to it. 10/10/2023  Habituation and Sensitization  Sensitization often generalizes to other stimuli, on the other hand habituation is quite stimulus-specific, meaning that any change in the stimulus is likely to result in the reappearance of the habituated response (e.g. many people suddenly become aware of the sound of their car when the motor sounds a bit different. This slight change alerts the driver that something is wrong). 10/10/2023 2 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Opponent-Process Theory Opponent-Process Theory 9 10  Habituation and sensitization represent two opposing  An emotional event elicits two competing processes. tendencies: weaker reactivity to a stimulus versus stronger reactivity. dual mechanism.  How about emotion?  The presentation of shock directly elicits a tendency for the  Suppose you purchase a lottery ticket during a visit home. Next weekend, your mom phones to tell you the winning numbers, you discover that you have won $50,000! Wow! You are absolutely elated. Unfortunately, an hour later you receive another call from your mom informing you that she made a mistake on the numbers. It turns out that you only won $50. You are now extremely disappointed even though you are still $50 better off than when you climbed out of bed that morning. dog’s heart rate to increasea-process. (primary response)  Elicits a compensatory reaction that tries to decrease the heart rateb-process. (opponent response)  The purpose is to counter the sudden increase in heart rate, and so maintaining a relatively balanced internal state known as homeostasis.  The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a strong emotional response is often followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) ________ emotional response. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Opponent-Process Theory Opponent-Process Theory 11 12 The immediate peak happens during the early moments of shock because the bprocess is not yet strong enough to counteract the a-process 10/10/2023 When the shock is removed, the a-process immediately disappears; but the b-process only slowly declines. 10/10/2023 3 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Opponent-Process Theory Opponent-Process Theory 13 14  Feeling elated while talking on the phone to someone with whom you are in love is an example of the ____-____. Feeling lovesick after you finally hang up for the night is an example of the ____-______.  The a-process is also known as the pr_____ process, and the b-process is also known as the o______ process.  The _____-______ is directly tied to the presence of the emotional event, whereas the ___-_____ is (slow/quick) _________ to increase and (slow/quick) __________ to decrease. What happens to the dog’s heart rate if it is repeatedly shocked? With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process increases in both strength and duration. 10/10/2023 Classical Condititoning (CC) Chapter 3 10/10/2023 CC 16  research on digestive secretions as well as the neural mechanisms that control them. 15  1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine  20 years studying digestive system Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 4 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 CC CC 17 18  What were dogs thinking or feeling? How did they know he was going to feed them? Did they see, smell or associate him with food?  Examines the phenomenon objectively using experiments!  Discovered the CC just by coincidence.  Assistant-meat association  30 years studying learning  Pavlovian conditioning 10/10/2023 CC CC 19 20  Unconditioned Stimuli and Response (UCS & UCR)    10/10/2023  Conditioned Stimuli and Response (CS & CR)  CS (tone/bell) & CR (salivation)  originally NEUTRAL stimulus, that, after being paired with UCS, triggers CR. UCS (taste of food) & UCR (salivation) occurs naturally, automatically, unconditionally. NOT learned, like reflex   UCS(electric shock)  UCR (?)  learned, NOT automatic. not naturally occurring.  UCS (knee tapping)  UCR (?) 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 5 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 CC CC 21 22 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 CC CC 23 24 Learning occurs through pairing in time and place of one stimulus with another stimulus that produces a response. Contiguity? The response is involuntary. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 6 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Difference between CR and UCR CC-Examples 25 26  CR and UCR differ from each other regarding ___?  Amount of response (e.g. Drop of saliva)  CR is less intense compared to UCR.  Latency (UCR starts immediately after the presentation of UCS) The CR is (often/always) ________ (similar/identical) ____________ to the UCR. Using the appropriate abbreviations, label each component in the following classical conditioning procedure:  Wasp: Painful sting  Fear  Wasp  Fear 10/10/2023  using a puff of air toward the eye?  eyeblink?  Susan wants to use classical conditioning to teach her cat to come to her whenever she calls him. In this case, Susan’s voice would be the: (a) CS (b) US (c) CR (d) UR  On the very first training trial, Susan’s cat walks toward her, the animal’s behavior would best be described as a: (a) CS (b) US (c) CR (d) UR  The US is: (a) Susan’s voice (b) the animal’s reaction to Susan’s voice (c) both a and b could be the US (d) unknown 10/10/2023 CC-Examples CC-Examples 27 28 During conditioning Taste of lemon→sight of lemon→ physiological responses (……………) (………….) (….………)  Onioncrying  Whistlecrying  CS: a product (car)  UCS: attractive person  CR: being happy  (an emotional response) After conditioning sight of lemon→ physiological responses (…………….) (…………) 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 7 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 CC-Examples CC-Examples 29 30  Fear conditioning  In a classical conditioning experiment, an experimenter declares a flash of light to be the CS, an electric shock as the US, and a fear reaction as the UR (as well as, eventually, the CR). The acquisition phase of this experiment would involve presenting: (a) the shock by itself (b) the light by itself (c) the light with the shock (d) the shock with the fear 10/10/2023 Little Albert (Watson and Rayner, 1920) 10/10/2023 What’s learned in CC? 31 32  Noisefear responses  The critical association in classical conditioning is between the CS and the UCS, or even to several CSs.  Ratfear responses  S-S Theory  Establishing an association between UCS and CS.  Once one is presented the CS, s/he remembers the UCS. CS ------- mental representation of UCS -----CR 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 8 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 S-S learning Appetitive vs. Aversive Conditioning 33 34  When UCS is a pleasant stimuli, it’s called appetitive conditioning (e.g. Food, water, addictive drugs, sexual stimuli), whereas  When UCS is an unpleasant stimuli, it’s called aversive conditioning (e.g. UCS Electric shock, painful bite, unpleasant odor). UCR  Learning to associate your refrigerator with the nauseating smell of spoiled food is an example of _________ conditioning. Example: conditioned suppression or conditioned emotional response (CER)  Pressing the lever  Food  30" Tone: 1" Shock  Fear (stop pressing the level) NS CS UCS  30" Tone  Fear CS CR UCR The rat will stop pressing the lever when it hears the tone. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Appetitive vs. Aversive Conditioning Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Conditioning 35 36  CC can transform a normally aversive stimulus into an  Excitatory: NS is associated with the presentation of a UCS. appetitive stimulus.  A shock to one of dog’s paws and then received food, the dog would eventually begin to salivate in response to the shock! (the shock had lost its aversiveness)  Basis of masochistic tendencies (the tendency to perceive painful stimulation as pleasurable)  Interestingly, if the shock was then applied to a different paw, the dog would not salivate but instead reacted with discomfort.  The perception of shock as pleasurable appeared to be quite specific to the body part involved in the conditioning.  10/10/2023   Rat is consistently shocked when a tone is presented. Tone will become an excitatory stimulus for shock. Excitatory CS is usually labeled a CS+  Inhibitory: NS is associated with the absence or removal of a UCS. A dog always bites you except when its owner is present. absence of a painful bite=absence of UCS. Although the dog is an excitatory CS for fear, the owner is an inhibitory CS for fear, and your fear of the dog will be suppressed when the owner is present. The owner (NS/CS-) is associated with the absence of painful bite (UCS).  CS+ is the tone for this example. If the rat is never shocked when a tone and a light are presented together, the light will become an inhibitory CS for shock because it explicitly signals the absence of 10/10/2023 shock. The inhibitory CS is labeled a CS−. 9 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Examples on Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Conditioning 37  Your grandmother always cooks great meals except when your vegetarian sister is present. As a result, you usually salivate a great deal when sitting at your grandmother’s table for a meal, but not when your sister is present. Your grandmother’s table is an _________ CS for salivation, while your vegetarian sister is an ______ CS for salivation.  A conditioned excitatory stimulus (an excitatory CS) is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) _____ of a US; a conditioned inhibitory stimulus (an inhibitory CS) is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) _____ of a US.  An excitatory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) _____________ a fear response; an inhibitory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) ______________ a fear response.  For the residents of Berlin and London during World War II, an air-raid siren would have been a (CS+/CS–) ____ for anxiety, while the all-clear siren would have been a (CS+/CS–) ____ for anxiety. Classical Condititoning (CC) Chapter 3&4 38 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli 39 40  Delayed Conditioning  Trace Conditioning interstimulus interval or ISI: time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the UCS If the trace interval is relatively short, it can be effective. The organism has to “remember” the occurrence of the tone to be able to associate the two. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 10 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli 41 42  Simultaneous Conditioning  Backward Conditioning the least effective procedure. the NS is no longer a good predictor of the UCS. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli 43 44  Backward Conditioning Exception: many animals have an inherited predisposition to fear certain events. So rats have an inherited predisposition to fear snakes  When the NS is a “biologically relevant” stimulus for fear, backward c. might work. If instead of a tone as the NS for shock, we use the sight of a snake, then backward conditioning might occur. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 11 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery (CH4) 45 46  I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit me. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure which is _____ to be effective. backward; likely delayed; unlikely  delayed; likely  backward; unlikely  Acquisition is the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of NS and UCS.    More-intense UCSs produce stronger and more rapid Feeling a bite and then noticing the dog is an example of a(n) ____ conditioning procedure, while briefly noticing the dog and then later feeling a bite is an example of a(n) ______ conditioning procedure. 10/10/2023 conditioning than do less-intense UCSs. (e.g., a large amount of food or a highly preferred food)  Similarly, more-intense NSs result in stronger and more rapid conditioning than do less-intense NSs. For example, a loud tone. 10/10/2023 Acquisition, , Extinction, 47 48  A conditioned response (CR) can be weakened or eliminated when the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS.  Once a CR has been extinguished, one should not The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place 10/10/2023 assume that the effects of conditioning have been completely eliminated. Bell No salivation “NS” —  Although CS loses its power through extinction, it is no longer a pure neutral stimulus. 10/10/2023 12 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 “You must unlearn what you have learned.” , Extinction, , Extinction, 49 50  When a person is bitten by a dog for only one time,  Following an experience in which you were stung by s/he continues to fear that dog as well as other dogs.  Why?  They tend to avoid them! Since they always avoid the fearful situation, their fear response cannot be extinguished!  This is the reason of development and maintenance of a phobia! a bee and subsequently developed a fear of bees, you are hired for a 1-day job in which your task is to catch bees for a biologist.  During the day, you never once get stung by a bee. As a result, your fear of bees will likely (decrease / increase) ____________, a process known as ____________. 10/10/2023 Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery 10/10/2023 and Spontaneous Recovery 52 51  The reappearance of a conditioned response following a rest period after extinction.  This phenomenon indicates that extinction involves learning something new to inhibit the occurrence of the CR in the presence of the CS. E.g. the dog learns to inhibit the response of salivation to the bell.  Disinhibition is the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced. 10/10/2023 Bell  Weak salivation (Partial extinction) CS CR (Presentation of the novel humming noise in background) Novel humming noise { Bell  Salivation CS CR 10/10/2023 13 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 and Spontaneous Recovery and Spontaneous Recovery 53 54  By the end of the second day, your fear of bees has mostly disappeared. However, you then hear thunder in the distance and become a bit worried about whether you should immediately head back to the lab. You decide first to catch one more bee, but find that your fear of bees is now somewhat stronger. The sudden recovery of your fear response is an example of a process known as ____________.  Each time the response recovers, it is somewhat 10/10/2023 weaker and it is extinguished more quickly than 10/10/2023 before. Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination 55 56  Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS. White Rat White Rabbit White mask Fear Fear Fear In general, the more similar the stimulus is to the original CS, the stronger the response.  Semantic generalization: the generalization of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS. sight of the word car Fear automobile or truck Fear bar or tar NO Fear response The meaning of the word is the critical factor in semantic generalization. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 14 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination Two Extensions of CC 57 58 Stimulus discrimination (The opposite of stimulus generalization): the tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another. 2,000-Hz tone has become an excitatory CS (or CS+ ),whereas 1,900-Hz tone has become an inhibitory CS (or CS–). 10/10/2023 Higher-order conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS. Taste of milk Sight of milk Milk bowl Newspaper You  Miaow! Miaow! Miaow! Miaow! Miaow! Taste of milk (UCS) Sight of milk(CS1) Milk bowl (CS2) A piece of Newspaper (CS3) You (CS4) Associations are formed between CSs. CS2 generally elicits a weaker response than the CS1. 10/10/2023 Two Extensions of CC Two Extensions of CC 59 60 Higher-order conditioning: a stimulus that is subsequently associated with wasps, such as trash bins, can become a CS for fear. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 15 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Two Extensions of CC Two Extensions of CC 61 62 Sensory pre-conditioning: When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus which was previously associated with can also become a CS. Sensory pre-conditioning It happens although toolshed was never directly associated with a wasp sting. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Two Extensions of CC Two Extensions of CC 63 64 Unlike NS-US pairings in normal conditioning, NS-NS pairings in sensory preconditioning can produce stronger conditioning when the two stimuli are presented (sequentially/simultaneously) _________.  You are acquainted with Colin and his wife. One day, Colin says something very insulting to you, which makes you feel quite angry toward him. Then, when you later meet his wife on the street, you also feel angry toward her. This is best described as an example of _______ sensory preconditioning. blocking.  occasion setting.  higher-order conditioning.   10/10/2023 10/10/2023 16 PSY381-Assoc Prof Hande Kaynak 10/10/2023 Two Extensions of CC Two Extensions of CC 65 66  When Juan’s childhood friend became a famous movie star, Juan also became something of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of sensory preconditioning. higher-order conditioning.  overshadowing.  latent inhibition.   In higher-order conditioning, conditioning of the CS1 is sometimes called ___________ conditioning, and conditioning of the CS2 is called ________ conditioning.  Consider the following example:  (Step 1: Repeated experiences in restaurant)  Restaurant: Ferit  (Step 2: Not in restaurant) Ferit: Argument → Tension Ferit→ Tension  (Step 3) Restaurant → Tension This process is best seen as an example of ______. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 17