47 Questions
What term is used to describe behaviors that are automatically brought forth by stimuli, and are involuntary?
Elicited behaviors
Which term refers to the specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern and is sometimes called a sign stimulus or releaser?
Sign stimulus or releaser
What term describes behaviors that tend to be unique to certain species and are sometimes called species-specific behaviors?
Species-specific behaviors
What is the term used to describe the decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus?
Habituation
What term refers to an increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus?
Sensitization
What is the term for behaviors that are brought forth by the stimuli and are involuntary, such as animals indicating their desire to play?
Elicited behaviors
In the classical conditioning procedure, what is the unconditioned stimulus (US) for the wasp?
Painful sting
In the Little Albert experiment, what is the conditioned response (CR) to the flash of white rabbit?
Fear of white rabbit
What does CS- signify in the context of anxiety?
Anxiety suppression
In the context of excitatory conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus (NS) associated with presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Dog's paw
What type of conditioning involves the association between a neutral stimulus (NS) and the absence or removal of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Inhibitory conditioning
What is the conditioned response (CR) in the context of conditioned suppression or emotional response (CER)?
Stop pressing lever
What type of stimulus is Susan's voice in teaching her cat to come?
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
What is the mental representation of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in S-S theory?
UR
In aversive conditioning, what would be an example of an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?
Electric shock
How would you describe the behavior of a cat walking toward Susan during the first training trial?
Conditioned Response (CR)
Which type of conditioning involves a neutral stimulus (NS) associated with both presentation and removal of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Excitatory conditioning
In sensory preconditioning, NS-NS pairings can produce stronger conditioning when the two stimuli are presented _________.
sequentially
When you feel angry toward Colin's wife after feeling angry toward Colin, it is best described as an example of _______.
occasion setting
Juan becoming a town celebrity when his childhood friend became a famous movie star is most analogous to the process of _______.
higher-order conditioning
In higher-order conditioning, conditioning of the CS1 is sometimes called ___________ conditioning, and conditioning of the CS2 is called ________ conditioning.
first order; second order
The process involving repeated experiences in a restaurant leading to tension when thinking about Ferit is best seen as an example of _______.
sensory preconditioning
What is the term used for the situation when one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, and another stimulus which was previously associated with it also becomes a CS?
Sensory pre-conditioning
In which type of conditioning can NS-NS pairings produce stronger conditioning when the two stimuli are presented sequentially?
Sensory preconditioning
(Step 3) Restaurant → Tension is best seen as an example of ______.
Sensory preconditioning
What does NS-NS pairings in sensory preconditioning produce stronger conditioning when the two stimuli are presented?
Sequentially
What is the primary process directly tied to the presence of the emotional event in the opponent-process theory?
a-process
Which of the following best explains why a strong emotional response is often followed by an opposite emotional response?
Opponent-process theory
What type of stimuli typically result in habituation?
Low-intensity stimuli
In classical conditioning, which response is less intense and has a longer latency than the unconditioned response?
Conditioned response
Which learning process was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his research on digestive secretions and their neural control mechanisms?
Classical conditioning
According to the opponent-process theory, what is the compensatory reaction that tries to decrease the response of the primary process?
b-process
From an evolutionary perspective, we tend to habituate to which type of stimuli?
"Safe" stimuli
What type of stimuli result in sensitization according to the text?
"Dangerous" stimuli
Which type of conditioned response is learned and not automatic?
Conditioned response
According to Ivan Pavlov's research, which stimulus resulted in both unconditioned and conditioned responses in dogs?
Bell
In classical conditioning, which type of responses are automatic and not learned?
UCS and UCR
What type of stimuli may result in an initial period of sensitization followed by habituation according to the text?
Intermediate intensity stimuli
Which type of conditioning may not work for all animals and situations, but can be effective when the NS is a biologically relevant fear stimulus?
Backward Conditioning
What does more-intense UCSs produce, compared to less-intense UCSs?
Stronger conditioning
What does extinction involve learning to inhibit the occurrence of the CR in the presence of?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
When does spontaneous recovery occur?
After extinction and a rest period
What does stimulus generalization refer to?
A conditioned response occurring in the presence of a similar stimulus
What is semantic generalization related to in classical conditioning?
Verbal stimuli with similar meanings to the CS
What is the opposite of stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
Stimulus Discrimination
When can a stimulus become a CS for fear in higher-order conditioning?
When it is associated with a CS
'Extinction and Avoidance Behavior' states that the fear response cannot be extinguished if what is always done?
Avoiding the fearful situation
Study Notes
- Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli: Simultaneous Conditioning is less effective than Backward Conditioning for some animals with a predisposition to fear certain events.
- Backward Conditioning: May not work for all animals and situations, but can be effective when the NS is a biologically relevant fear stimulus.
- Acquisition: A conditioned response (CR) is developed and strengthened through repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
- Conditioning: More-intense UCSs produce stronger and more rapid conditioning than less-intense UCSs (e.g., a large amount of food or a highly preferred food).
- Extinction: A conditioned response can be weakened or eliminated by repeatedly presenting the CS in the absence of the UCS. Once extinguished, the effects are not completely eliminated, as the CS is no longer a pure neutral stimulus.
- Extinction and Avoidance Behavior: The fear response cannot be extinguished if the person always avoids the fearful situation.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a conditioned response following a rest period after extinction indicates that extinction involves learning to inhibit the occurrence of the CR in the presence of the CS.
- Stimulus Generalization: A CR can occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS, with the response strength depending on the similarity between the stimuli.
- Semantic Generalization: A conditioned response can also be generalized to verbal stimuli with similar meanings to the CS.
- Stimulus Discrimination: The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another is the opposite of stimulus generalization.
- Higher-Order Conditioning: A stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS, as well as an inhibitory CS (CS-). Associations are formed between CSs, with a CS2 generally eliciting a weaker response than CS1.
- Higher-Order Conditioning: A stimulus that is associated with a CS, such as a trash bin, can become a CS for fear.
Test your knowledge of classical conditioning components and their application with this quiz. Identify the different components in classical conditioning procedures and understand their application in real-life scenarios.
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