CH1_What_is_AI_09_12_2023_06_59_ (2).pdf

Chapter 1 What is AI? Based on the following textbooks: S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach, 3rd ed. Pearson Education Limited, 2017 Outline What is AI? Definitions of AI The T...

Chapter 1 What is AI? Based on the following textbooks: S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach, 3rd ed. Pearson Education Limited, 2017 Outline What is AI? Definitions of AI The Turing Test AI Disciplines AI Applications Today Sci-Fi AI? Introduction The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, is a field of study that attempts to build intelligent agents. An agent is an entity that perceives and acts AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering. Acting Humanly The Turing Test The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer. "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?" Acting Humanly The Turing Test To pass the Turing Test, the computer would need the following capabilities: Natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English. Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears. Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions. Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns. To pass the total Turing Test, the computer would need the following capabilities in addition to the above: Computer vision to perceive objects. Robotics to manipulate objects and move about. These six disciplines compose most of AI. Thinking Humanly Cognitive modeling 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing psychology Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI Thinking Rationally "laws of thought" Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI Problems: 1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation 2. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have? Acting Rationally The Rational Agent Approach A rational agent is an agent that acts to achieve the best outcome, or when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome. This course (and the main textbook) concentrates on general principles of rational agents and on components for constructing them. The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g., blinking reflex – but thinking should be in the service of rational action Acting Rationally The Rational Agent Approach A rational agent selects actions that maximize its (expected) utility. Characteristics of the percepts, environment, and action space dictate techniques for selecting rational actions Environment Sensors Percepts Agent ? Actuators Actions The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability Economics utility, decision theory Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques Computer building fast computers engineering Control theory design systems that maximize an objective function over time Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar What can AI do today? There are so many activities in so many subfields: Robotic vehicles Speech recognition Autonomous planning and scheduling Game playing Spam fighting Logistics planning Robotics Machine translation