Causes of WWI: Sarajevo Incident (1914) PDF

The Sarajevo Incident(1914) On 28 June, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary were killed by a Serb. The Sarajevo Incident(1914) Archduke Franz Ferdinand On 28 June, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Black Hands’ Reality Austria-Hungary the Austria-Hungary were killed by a Serb. Archduke and heir of A-H X June 28, 1914 The bomb bounced oﬀ the car and exploded behind. Around 11 a.m. Around Sarajevo City Hall, Bosnia Gun shot, murdered The bomber jump into the river, Gavrilo Princip which only came up to his knees. Support the unification between Bosnia à Drag out by police and Serbia. A member of Black Hand(a Serbian nationalist society) Black Hands’ Luck Driver is important for a good trip He felt upset and went to a café; Driver went to the wrong route. sat there ate a sandwich wondered what to do next; When he stopped to reverse, the car stalled kind of gave up the whole outside a café. assassination attempt; à Archduke came The Sarajevo Incident(1914) On 28 June, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to 3 steps to war (SUM) the Austria-Hungary were killed by a Serb. Outbreak of the War Support : _____ gained support from_____ 3-steps to War Ultimatum: _____ sent an ultimatum to _____ Mobilization and Declaration of War Inquiry topic: Sarajevo Incident, the immediate cause of the First World War On 23 July, Austria sent an ultimatum(最後通牒) to Serbia and gave it 48 hours to respond. Source B Serbia's reply to the Austrian ultimatum German promised a ‘Blank Cheque’ Terms of the ultimatum Our government is shocked by Austria-Hungary's charge that we Ø Serbia had to stop all anti-Austrian have taken part in the assassination.... Nonetheless, we shall activities. promise to accept all of the second to fifth demands presented by Ø Serbia had to punish all people who Austria-Hungary. Our government is also willing to co-operate with Austria-Hungary to investigate the assassination, but... we find it were against Austria. hard to accept the participation of Austrian representatives in the Ø Austria would send officials to Serbia to investigation (the sixth demand) because this will break our arrest and try the killer. Constitution.... If Austria-Hungary is still not satisfied with our response above, we would like to refer the case to The Hague Tribunal or the Great Powers to find out a peaceful solution. 2. Do you think Serbia wanted to fight a war against Austria-Hungary, as reflected in source B? Explain your Mobilization and Declaration of War Domino Eﬀect answer with reference to the source. [Analyse source] What is mobilization? No. As reflected in source B, Serbia tried hard to satisfy the Austrian demands. It was also willing to solve the crisis by peaceful means. à Getting them into position for war. Calling up your army and navy; t nﬂic al co to a equipping them with uniforms, food and everything else gion A re calated in e s a r. h as dW they’ll need worl The sequence of M&D Course of the WWI Two armed camps: Central Power and Allied Power Two 1. Opposing Camps Armed Camps The 31 nations form 5 different continents that fought in WWI were divided into two opposing camps Allied Powers: Central Powers: Britain; German; France; Austria-Hungary; Russia; Bulgaria; Italy Ottoman Empire. (United States). Why Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire join Central Powers? 2. Battleﬁelds and war fronts Why Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire join Why Italy join Allied Powers? Two main front: the Western Front (B&F V.S. G ) Central Powers? the Eastern Front (G&AH V.S. R) Ottoman Empire used to own _______________ Balkan Peninsula the Second Balkan War Bulgaria lost territories in _______________ Italy joined in May 1915; Triple Alliance When the war was broke out, Italy quit from_________; Ottoman Empire joined in 1914; Bulgaria joined in 1915; Allied Power In 1915, Italy joined _______, who promised to give Italy Central Powers _______ land. they tended to choose the champion (they believe _____ could Allied Powers ) defeat the ______ The opposing camps and they could regain their lost territories in _____________ Balkan Peninsula major war fronts of WWI Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against Russia along the Eastern Front Major development of the War Britain and France fought against Germany along the Western Front (西線). (東線). On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and WWI broke out. Serbian troops resisting Austria-Hungary’s invasion German/Britain/France soldiers on the Western Front Russia soldiers on the Eastern Front Germany in the Middle 3. Major development of the War German’s dilemma and solution After the outbreak of war, Two front war Germany carried out the Schlieffen Plan. Germany’s BIG problem was that it was IN THE MIDDLE. That made it VULNERABLE if it came to a war. Result: Math was taught by the not-so-clever Schlieﬀen Plan History teacher The plan was based on three ideas: Russia would need 6 weeks to Russia needed only 2 weeks complete mobilization; If there was a war, Germany would have to ﬁght France AND Russia. Planned to transfer troops to ﬁght (10 days); France was weak Russia after defeating France; Tough France (colonies) Planned to use 90% of German Russia was strong but slow forces on the Western Fount to Tough Belgium : defeat France backed up by the BEF (_______ initial plan was produced late in ( took nine years to devise )1905 Belgium extremely quickly Plan Fact In 1915 , Germany and Austria-Hungary defeated Russia on the Eastern Front. Result The Schlieffen Plan was failed and the Central Powers had to fight on both Eastern and Western Fronts. Britain declared war on Germany on 4 Aug. 1914. Germany tried to launch a quick attack on France by Russian soldiers captured passing through Belgium. on the Eastern Front However, they failed to make Russia surrender. Stalemate and Trench Warfare In 1916, the war on the Western Front turned into a stalemate. When in stalemate, the war becomes very long and slow. The armies had to begin to be creative with war tactics since neither side would leave their trenches. Things such as grenades, gasses, and small bombs were thrown into the opponents trenches in a hope of killing multiple men at once. Schlieﬀen Fact: WAS HOLD IN BELGIUM ABOUT 2 WEEKS In September 1916, Britain began to use tanks on the Western Front. The trench warfare became less In July 1916 , both Britain and Germany started to use warplanes. eﬀective. German and British warplanes engaged in a fight during WWI Since then, air combat had become an important pattern of war. A British tank 12 Before the war started everyone expected the war at sea to be dominated by huge battleships, but the key type of ship turned out to be the … What is an “unrestricted submarine warfare”? In February 1915, Germany adopted the policy of unrestricted submarine Ship sinking Manual warfare to cut off Britain’s supplies. The most signiﬁcant victim of the __________________ warfare Submarines must surface before stopping merchant ships. the huge British passenger liner-- Lusitania Submarines should warn the captains of merchant ships that they must stop and allow their ships to be searched. Only ships that refused to stop should be ﬁred upon. Ships’ crews should be given time to evacuate the ship and take to the lifeboats with any British also used their ﬂeet to blockade necessary supplies. Ideally, the submarine should call other ships to pick up the crew. Germany’s ports and stop any seaborne The submarine is allowed to sink the ship only after all the crew have left it. imports getting through, though the GermansA could still get British merchant shipimports being through neutral Holland. sunk by a German submarine May， 1915 ，Lusitania The German embassy in Washington issued a warning to Lusitania; Most people took no notice. As one overconﬁdent American said “The Germans dare not sink our ship!” the Submarine ﬁred a single torpedo and the ship sank within 15 mins and over 1200 people drowned, including 128 Americans. Public Reaction The Zimmermann telegram to Mexico In 1917 British intercepted a telegram from the German. America: shocked with anger The telegram gave instructions to the German Minister in other countries: shocked and Mexico to negotiate a deal with the government of Mexico: bring shame on them Mexico invade the US and with German’s help, recover all the land it had lost to the US In April of 1917, the United States (US) declared war on Germany. An American poster used to recruit soldiers for WWI 16 In early 1918, Germany made several major attacks on the Western During September and early November, On 11 November, Germany also signed an armistice with the Allied Powers. Front, but failed. Bulgaria, Turkey and Austria-Hungary surrendered one after the other. WWI ended. Then, the Allied Powers counter-attacked. Turkish troops surrendering Germany signing an armistice with Britain and France German troops retreating on the Western Front He did it!! – end the Great War the Paris Peace Conference Why? The central Powers surrendered to the Allied Powers one by one from Sep. to Nov. in 1918 The uniqueness of Paris Peace conference Treaty of Versailles (arcc dug) THE FIRST WORLD WAR ENDED The Big Three and their aims WWI, the first great war in the history of mankind, lasted four years and 65 million soldiers were mobilised. three months. Among them, more than 8 million were killed and 20 million were injured. Sitting down to talk Why did they need a peace conference? The damage of WWI Participants in WWI (in dark) Corpses on the Eastern Front When WWI ended, Europe was in ruins. The WWI was so destructive, they wanted peace. They discussed the terms of surrender for Germany and other defeated powers. How to run a peace conference? If you are given the task of running an international peace conference after a major war. What would you do? The Paris Peace Conference in session 3 1. Hold the peace conference in a 1. Hold the peace conference in a 1. Hold the peace conference in a ____________ country ____________ country ____________ country allied / central / neutral allied / central / neutral allied / central / neutral Emotions are bound to run high after a war Emotions are bound to run high after a war To keep everyone’s feelings under control and allow everyone to To keep everyone’s feelings under control and allow everyone to focus calmly on the task in hand. focus calmly on the task in hand. What the Allies did: They held the conference in Paris (Why??) the western front of First World War was mainly fought in ___________. Why the conference was held in Paris? Why the conference was held in Paris? the western front of First World War was mainly France wanted to make sure that the delegates coming to fought in ___________. Paris did see how destructive of First World War had been. France wanted to use the conference to get revenge for What would the delegates(n. representative of what _____________ had done to their country. diﬀerent countries) see in France? Front line end of 1914 Front line end of 1916 Front line end of 1917 2. Negotiate ____________with your opponents. frankly and openly / secretly and privately Aerial view of the war damage to the French town of Albert, 1914–1918 Place des Heros, France 2. Negotiate ____________with your 2. Negotiate ____________with your opponents. opponents. frankly and openly / secretly and privately frankly and openly / secretly and privately the durability of the settlement of peace the durability of the settlement of peace What the Allies did: They didn’t even invite German and people from other defeated countries to take part in the peace conference and they certainly didn’t negotiate with them. German and other defeated countries were only invited to turn up right at the end to sign the treaty. 5 All defeated powers were not invited. 3. _________your opponents Humiliate / Avoid humiliating The representatives of the defeated powers could only wait outside the site of the conference. 5 One man’s meat is the other man’s poison: 3. _________your opponents Treaty of Versailles Humiliate / Avoid humiliating (Memory Word: arcc dug) No one likes being humiliated and people who are tend not to forget it. The German army was reduced to 100,000; no tanks, submarines and ﬁghter planes were allowed; What the Allies did: They stage-managed the signing ceremony Germany had to pay reparations to the powers(6.6 billion pounds in 42 years); so as to humiliate the German delegates in every way possible. Germany had to give up all its colonies; They also drew up the most humiliating treaty Germany had to cede 13% of its land to neighbouring nations; terms in history. Inquiry topic: Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany These harsh terms made the Germans feel humiliated and they decided to take 2. Do you think the punishment on Germany was too harsh? Why? Explain your One man’s meat is the other man’s poison: revenge. answer with reference to Sources A, B and your own knowledge. (6 marks) Treaty of Versailles Yes, the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh for the postwar Germany. According to Source A and B, the terms of the treaty such as the war guilt, (Memory Word: arcc dug) the reparations and the colonial losses(Please list out the terms here) weakened Germany economically, militarily and territorially. + examples The Rhineland would become a demilitarized zone. from the treaty terms. The Treaty of Versailles has harmful impacts in various other problems, German and Austria were forbidden to be uniﬁed. such as international economic depression, and in long term the Second German had to accept full responsibility for causing the war. (the World War. This was done because the treaty was too harsh and Germany War Guilt Clause) wanted a revenge. Moreover, the Treaty of Versailles was one of the reasons for Hitler to gain enormous power because he said that if the Treaty of Versailles was a problem he could abolish it. As a result, he gained power, became a The Germans protesting against the Treaty of Versailles in front of the parliament building in Berlin dictator, and led the world in another war. 14 Inquiry topic: Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany Few praise to the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles: 3. Do you think the Treaty of Versailles was an unequal treaty? Why? Explain your answer with reference to Sources A, B and your own knowledge. (6 marks) The Conference and Treaty established two wonderful new and amazing ideas: self-determination and the League of Nations. Yes, I think the treaty was an unequal treaty. The Germans were horrified by the treaty. According to Sources A and B, they had to accept the war guilty and pay a large sum of money as reparations. They felt it was unfair since the blame of the war should be In the long run, when the Americans invaded Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, it was their stated aim not to stay as conquerors, but to help the peoples of those Impact of the War countries to set up their own, democratic government. shared. They also felt upset with the disarmament because_________________(the Meanwhile, the League of Nations has become the United Nations, and we still aspire term), and they were the only ones to be disarmed. to a world where nations settle their diﬀerences by negotiation, not by war. Moreover, they felt a strong sense of injustice as they lost all their colonies which were the symbol of pride for them. Self-determination and the United Nations dominate the international politics of the Lastly, the fact that they were not invited to negotiate in the conference world we live in. It is hard to calculate how much we owe to the peacemakers for made them feel even more humiliated and seek for revenge. these two ideas. 15 About 3/4 of the world’s population took part in it. 65 million soldiers were mobilised. Among them, more than 8 million were killed and 20 million were injured. WWI, the first great war in the history of mankind, lasted four years and three months. A recruitment Participants in campaign in WWI Ireland during Corpses on the (in dark) WWI Eastern Front 5 6 7 Inquiry topic: The changes in European politics after the First World War Inquiry topic: The changes in European politics after the First World War The total cost of the War was about 330 billion US dollars. Study the maps below carefully and answer the following questions It was a great loss to mankind. Source A Source B 1. Identify changes to the German Empire, Austro- Hungarian Empire and Czarist Russia after WWI, as reflected in the above sources. [Observe maps] These empires fell and many new nation states were formed out of them. 2. Why were a number of new nation states created after WWI, as shown on the map in source B? The French government issued the reconstruction [Analyse reason] bond after WWI to The creation of the new nation states was to increase national income. prevent the revival of old empires. Europe in 1914 Europe after WWI 10 They included the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire. After WWI, four powerful empires in Europe fell. Germany The fall of the Russian Empire Poland was perhaps the most important one. Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Austria-Hungary was Romania divided into Austria and The 1917 October Yugoslavia Hungary. Czechoslovakia Revolution overthrew Italy and Yugoslavia were also Under the leadership of Lenin (列寧), the Czarist dynasty Bulgaria created out of the former Russia became the Soviet Union (USSR), in Russia. empire of Austria-Hungary. the first communist country in the world. 14 15 The US extended its trade and increased its military power. After the War, many new nation states were created. After the War, Britain and France became weaker. Most of them were in Eastern Europe. Britain faced serious economic problems after the War. The photo shows a demonstration organised by British unemployed workers in 1922. 17 The US began to build aircraft carriers in the early 1920s. 18 Submarines Japan’s position in Asia and in the Pacific region (太平洋地區) was also strengthened. During WWI, many new Japan weapons were developed. Machine Guns South Seas Islands (former German colonies) Tanks Poison gas After WWI, Japan received the former German colonies in the Pacific region. Warplanes 20 21 All the people of a During WWI, many men joined the army to fight in the front line. country, not just soldiers, made their own The government contribution in this new encouraged women to kind of war. take up jobs that had traditionally been kept for men in order to carry on industrial This is what historians production. call a ‘total war’ (總體戰). An American poster published during WWI, encouraging the people German new recruits Women working in a during WWI aircraft factory to save food 23 29 30 After the War, women’s abilities and their contribution to the country were A British poster published during WWI recognised. Their social status began to rise. 1. Identify women’s jobs during WWI, as reflected in the After the War, the European powers wanted to maintain poster. peace. Making bullets and providing medical services. 2. How did WWI change women’s status? Explain your answer with reference to the poster. Due to shortage of men labour during the War, women had The US government more opportunities to work. granted women the This helped raise their status. right to vote in 1920. 31 32 34 Its headquarters were in Geneva (日內瓦), Switzerland. The League was unable to maintain peace. They(?) set up the League of Nations (國際聯盟) in 1920 to settle future disputes through peaceful means. WWII finally broke out 20 years later. First Palace of session of Nations, the the League headquarters of Nations, of the League Germany’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 led to the outbreak of WWII. 1920 of Nations 35 36 37 The conference was controlled by Britain, France and the United States. What they do represent What they do represent what they think! what they think! the Big Threeà People who dominated the conference the Big Threeà People who dominated the conference Clemenceau Woodrow Wilson (Premier of France) (President of the US) Lloyd George (Prime Minister of Britain) Lloyd George Clemenceau Woodrow Wilson British Prime Minister French Prime Minister American President The ‘Big Three’ during the Paris Peace Conference 4 A hard, tough politician with a What they do represent reputation for being uncompromising. “The Tiger” what they think! He wanted revenge, demanded Germany return the French land gained the Big ThreeàPeople who dominated the conference in the Franco-Prussian War, and to When asked about his thought of the Peace punish the Germans for what they had Conference, Lloyd George replied: done. He also wanted to weaken Germany "Not badly, considering I was seated permanently via harsh punishment, so between Jesus Christ and Napoleon." France would never be invaded by them Lloyd George Clemenceau ________________ again. British Prime Minister French Prime Minister Attitude towards Germany A realist Take revenge, want back the losing I never wanted to hold a conference in his bloody He said he would ‘make Germany pay’, lands; capital, I thought it’d be better to hold it in a neutral he also wanted ‘justice’, because he did Weaken German permanently not want revenge. (harsh punishment) place. But the old man wept and protested so much He said that the peace must not be that we gave way. harsh-that would just cause another war. What else did he want? -- By Lloyd George He tried to get a ‘halfway point’. He also wanted to expand the British Nothing special empire, maintain naval supremacy, and Clemenceau Lloyd increase trade by taking over German ________________ _______________ colonies. French Prime Minister British Prime Minister Attitude towards Germany He is an idealist and a reformer make German pay; God himself was content with ten commandments. Wilson He was a History professor. He wanted to maintain balance of power make the world safe. He wanted to end the modestly inﬂicted 14 points on us…The 14 commandments war by making a fair peace and didn’t of the most empty theory. support harsh punishment on Germany. -- By Clemenceau In 1918, Wilson published ‘Fourteen Points’ saying what he wanted. He said that he wanted disarmament, and a League of What else did he want? Nations ( where countries could talk out naval supremacy; colonies their problems, without war) as international organization to maintain Woodrow Wilson world peace. Lloyd _______________ ______________ British Prime Minister American President Attitude towards Germany a fair peace(no harsh punishment); I cannot say for how many years, perhaps I should say for how many centuries, the crisis which has begun will continue. Yes, this treaty will bring us burdens, troubles, miseries, diﬀiculties, and that will continue for long years. What else did he want? Fourteen points; disarmament; League of Nations; self-determination Woodrow Wilson ______________ American President A B C D

Causes of WWI: Sarajevo Incident (1914) PDF

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