World War I Review PDF

World War I – Review WORLD WAR ONE - July 28, 1914 – Nov. 11, 1918 - 40 mill+ deaths globally 1. Archduke visits Sarajevo–assassinated by Gravilo Princip (Black Hand). GP - 59,544 Can...

World War I – Review WORLD WAR ONE - July 28, 1914 – Nov. 11, 1918 - 40 mill+ deaths globally 1. Archduke visits Sarajevo–assassinated by Gravilo Princip (Black Hand). GP - 59,544 Canadian deaths, 172,000 Canadian wounded, 9,000 Canadians suffering “shell is arrested shock” 2. Ultimatum sent to Serbia–2/3 demands met 3. AH declares war on Serbia. Russia mobilises to defend. France mobilises to - Best described as stalemate; characterised by its notable lack of movement, support. Germany orders to stop mobilising. due to emphasis on trench stationing 4. Germany declares war on Russia + war on France 5. Germany invades Belgium 6. Britain declares war on Germany Weaponry Introduced tanks, aeroplanes, gases (C & M) Machine guns Bayonet Artillery Shells Mortars Major battles - 2nd Battle of Ypres (GAS) o Canada, France, Britain vs. Germans o April 2, 1915 – Belgium o Chlorine gas – Canadians urinated on handkerchiefs 💀 o “In Flanders Fields” o 100k+ Battle of Somme (DEATH) o Canada, Newfoundland, Britain vs. Germany o July-Nov, 1916 – France o Barrage -> bunkers 💀 💀 o 1st tanks o 58k (first day), 1.25mill (total) Vimy Ridge (NATION) o Canadians vs. Germans o Led by Julian Byng, Arthur Currie o April 9-12, 1917 – France o Goal: Get VR, strategic vantage point o First battle we fought alone (b.o.a.n!!) o Achieved what Britain & France could not ▪ Strategies Sappers dug under + emerged from enemy trenches Creeping barrage – drove Germans into trenches ▪ Months of planning Created identical ridge replica 21 miles of comm. cable wire Maps 50k tonnes amno Practised at night for 3 months Battle of Passchendaele – 3rd Battle of Ypres (MUD) o British Empire vs. Germans o July-Oct, 1917 – Belgium o Vimy Ridge tactics reused – FAILED ▪ Terrain ▪ Swampy, muddy (wet summer) ▪ Change made creeping barrage impossible 💀 o Many drowned after falling off duckboards o 400k+ Canada’s 100 Days War at Sea Battle of the Atlantic o German submarines vs. Allied ships ○ Feb. 1915-1918 ○ Unrestricted submarine warfare in response to British blockade ○ Resulted in implementation of convoy system Protected supply ships from bombing by German U-Boats  World War I – Review Trench Warfare Shape o Wood & wire along walls o Long, deep, very narrow ▪ Prevented collapsing ▪ Earth thrown up in front o Duckboards along floor ▪ Protected soldiers from bullets Communication w/ HQ ▪ Narrowness limited possible blast radiuses o Buried cable, cable on poles o Zigzag, not straight o Pigeons & aircraft, which dropped messages ▪ Prevent artillery travelling along a straight path o Morse code via power buzzers ▪ Enemies who invaded the trench could not fire o Visual signals (i.e. lamps, flags, flares continuously forward Women & the War o Written permission was legally required (depended on) for their husbands o Toronto women attempted to form “Women’s Home Guard” & sons to enlist ▪ Would guard the home front, freeing up men for overseas ▪ Some refused to let men leave, others were seen walking duty through the streets encouraging them to o Wartime Elections Act, 1917 o Worked in munitions factories ▪ Nurses, sisters, close female relatives, could vote ▪ Other jobs which were previously “mens’”, advanced ▪ After conscription was enacted, gov.t insisted women had opportunities earned the right ▪ 5k worked in civil service, 1k worked in RCAF ▪ 1918 – women aged 21+ officially earned the right to vote o Knitted supplies (e.g. pillows, uniforms) Industry ▪ Many goods became scarce, allowing businesses to profit hugely ▪ Workers became frustrated–profits increased, wages remained the same o Ross Rifle ▪ Chosen for its great accuracy–but tended to become jammed (dust & mud) ▪ Poor choice overall, Sam Hughes received backlash Furthered by stories of his allies earning huge profits via huge wartime contracts ▪ Joseph Flavelle replaced him, and imposed strict profit margins Was soon accused of profiteering himself, through his bacon selling Politics o 1917 Federal election ▪ Conscription One of the fiercest debates in Canadian history o Two sides – French (+ farmers, union workers, immigrants) = no, English = yes o Sir Robert Borden ▪ Strategy to obtain votes MSA o Attracted voters w/ Unionist claims WEA o Many women agreed (family in war, wanted to vote) o Many enemy aliens would have disagreed ▪ Union Government (Coalition govt) Aligned Conservatives and Liberals Independent politicians switched sides o “Military Service Act” ▪ Mandated that all male citizens between 20-45 enlist o “Wartime Elections Act” ▪ Allowed women to vote ▪ Forbade enemy aliens to vote War Measures Act, 1914 o Allowed “enemy aliens” to be interned (sent to camps) o About 8,579 interns o Interns performed hard labour, most were paid minimum wage ▪ Logging, mining, Banff National Park  World War I – Review Halifax Explosion Dec. 6, 1917 o Summary ▪ 1600 people killed, 9,000 injured ▪ Halifax was a major ship harbour o Relations SS Mont-Blanc = carrying explosives for ▪ Canada / U.S. Allies Relief from Boston sent to aid the aftermath SS Imo = carrying humanitarian supplies for Halifax sends them a Christmas tree Belgium ▪ Federal government / minority groups Ships collided in Halifax Harbour, SS Minority groups received less financial aid Mont-Blanc catches fire o Mi’kmaq settlement o 9:04 a.m, contents explode ▪ Destroyed completely, not rebuilt o Damage o Africville ▪ All buildings within an 800 metre radius destroyed ▪ Assisted less than white communities Wartime prejudice - African Canadians Internment of Ukrainians o Initially not allowed to enlist at all ○ 1914-1920 ▪ Only changed due to high death toll & consequent War Measures Act permitted internment desperation ○ Military operation undertaken by the Canadian govt, which sent “enemy ▪ Relied on acceptance of local regiment aliens” to camps around the country o 1916–Segregated companies allowed ○ About 8,579 interns ▪ Led by white captains Some paid minimum wage, others unpaid ▪ Exception: William White, only African-American ○ Labour projects officer in the British Empire Mining, logging Encouraged establishment of African Banff National Park American corps, was refused ○ 2005: Bill C-331 (apology) The Final Push 1917; Russian Revolution German Final Offensive o March-June, 1918 ▪ Drove Allies back 48km U.S troops were nearly prepared for war After 3 years, British blockade was causing starvation Would lose the war if they lost this Canada’s 100 days o Aug 8-Nov 11, 1918 o Canada spearheaded French towns o +13km in a day ▪ Aug. 8 – “The Black Day of the German Army” (Germans accepted they could not win) o Sept-Oct – Hindenburg line is broken o Oct – Cambrai captured ▪ German forces retreat – armistice called on Nov. 11, 11am Paris Conference o Jan, 1919 o Peace treaty created o Canada initially part of British delegation ▪ Bordon insisted Canada has earned its independent vote ▪ Sent its own delegation, but no vote Treaty of Versailles ▪ Signed at Palace of Versailles June 28, 1919 ▪ Canada signs as its own nation ○ Signed under British delegation; but the signage demonstrated independence o Terms ▪ Armistice conditions Signage of War Guilt Clause Immediate evacuation of all territories captured in WWI Withdraw all troops within 10km of the Rhine River Evacuating troops were required to leave all artillery, guns, etc Navy and merchant ships were to be surrendered as well Allies would receive compensation for war damages Most of its rolling railway stock was to be given to France & Belgium The Allied blockade would persist until the peace treaty was signed o Intended to make it impossible for Germany to resume the war ▪ New conditions Evacuate the Rhineland completely Reduce army to 100,000, and remove conscription policies Abandon its air force, and cease the building of submarines & tanks Reduce its navy to 6 battleships Pay $30 billion in damages to the Allies o Canada felt this was too tough on German