Microbiology Exam 4 Review - Ch6 and Ch5 Fall 2024 PDF

Microbiology Exam 4 Review – Part 1_Ch6 and Ch5 Fall 2024 Chapter 6 Material: Translation: What type of bond holds amino acids together? (NOTE that this is the bond formed during translation) In a tRNA molecule, where would you fin...

Microbiology Exam 4 Review – Part 1_Ch6 and Ch5 Fall 2024 Chapter 6 Material: Translation: What type of bond holds amino acids together? (NOTE that this is the bond formed during translation) In a tRNA molecule, where would you find the anticodon loop? What is the anticodon complementary to (what does it recognize)? What specific type of secondary structures does tRNA have (looking for single-strand loops with double-stranded stems; stem-loop structure); what term is often used to describe its shape? What end of the tRNA is charged with the amino acid? What enzyme charges (brings together) tRNA and the amino acid? What is a degenerate code? (ie. only 22 amino acids, but 64 codons) What does the wobble hypothesis refer to? What is the most common start codon in bacteria (know the sequence)? What amino acid is brought in by this codon in bacteria? What amino acid typically begins proteins in archaea and eukaryotes? What does the Shine-Dalgarno sequence do? What does a stop codon do? In bacteria and many Archaea and Eukarya, an open reading frame of mRNA starts with the codon, _______, and ends with a ______ codon. What are the 3 stages of translation? What energy source does it require? What is the general structure of a ribosome? How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes differ? What 2 pieces of rRNA have important roles in translation – what are the roles? (note: this last part is on slide 6.10f) What makes up the bacterial initiation complex? At which site on the ribosome is the first tRNA when translation begins (letter)? At which site does a new charged tRNA enter the ribosome complex? At which site does the peptide bond form? (see figure 6.36 on slide 6.10b) What is the term for multiple complexes of ribosomes simultaneously translating a single mRNA? What terminates translation? Chapter 5 and extra animal virus/sub-viral material (Ch 11): Viruses and their Replication --define obligate intracellular parasite --define virion --what is the definition of infection for a virus --define the terms: capsid, nucleocapsid, naked virus, enveloped virus --where does the membrane on an enveloped virus originate from; what does a virus inset into the envelope --what term is used for a bacterial virus --what are the 4 possible configurations of a viral genome --what is the size range for most viruses --define capsid --what is the name for the individual protein molecules that make up bacterial capsids? --what are the 3 common viral symmetries (shapes)? --which one is a more efficient arrangement? Why? --enveloped viruses are unique to animal cells – how do enveloped viruses typically enter the host cell? Exit the host cell? --what are 3 common types of enzymes carried within viral capsids and what does each do? --which nucleic acid polymerase copies RNA into RNA? --which nucleic acid polymerase copies RNA into DNA? --which type of viruses are the easiest to grow in the lab --how are animal (and some plant) viruses cultivated (what term is typically used for this) --what method is typically used to count viruses --what are the clear zones called --the concentration of virus in infectious units/volume of fluid is known as the ______ --what is the term for a host cell that supports viral replication --list and briefly define the 5 phases of a viral replication cycle --what is the major difference in viral penetration between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells --what types of molecules serve as viral receptors on host cells? --virus receptors on host cells typically carry out _______ functions for the host cell --what is the E. coli receptor for T4 bacteriophage? --what enzyme does T4 and other bacteriophage use to enter and/or burst from the host cell? --briefly describe the 3 prokaryotic anti-viral defenses --what are the 3 general types of proteins produced by viruses during synthesis and what are general roles for each type? --differentiate between (define) virulent and temperate bacteriophage life cycles --what might induce the lytic pathway for a lysogenized bacteriophage? --what is meant by lysogenic conversion