Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam PDF

Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Science Biology Microbiology Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam 7 studiers today 5.0 (1 review...

Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Science Biology Microbiology Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam 7 studiers today 5.0 (1 review) Practice questions for this set https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 1 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Learn 1/7 Study with Learn centimeters (cm) to meters (m) * Choose matching term 1 Staphylococcus aureus is a member of what phylum? 2 General sizes of macroscopic organisms? 3 What are the basic types of fungal asexual spores? Be familiar with and be able to compare the following characteristics of bacteria discussed in class: uni- or multicellular. Prokaryote/eukaryote/neither, 4 size, process of obtaining nutrition, reproduction, presence or absence of cell wall, type of cell wall substance (compare to homework questions) Don't know? Terms in this set (196) https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 2 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Be familiar with the ways They produce oxygen and sugar. that microorganisms are They recycle nutrients. beneficial. They produce soil, water, and greenhouse gases. * What are the Conidiospores: Free spores not enclosed in a sac fundamental structural Sporangiospores: Successive cleavages in a sac-like differences between the head (Sporangium) * general types of asexual spores? General sizes of 1-10 Micrometers µm * bacteria? General sizes of 10-100 Micrometers µm * protozoa? Which domain are Bacteria/Eubacteria * bacteria like E. coli and MRSA members of? The basic rules for writing a scientific name-Binomial nomenclature: Be able to recognize a *Use both genus (written/typed 1st) and species correct scientific name name: for a microorganism. *Underline or Italicize the whole name. Capitalize only the genus name! What happens to Gram They will be still be purple * positive cells if the alcohol step is left out? What organisms are Mycobacterium and Nocardia* stained with the acid-fast stain? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 3 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Be familiar w/the Asexual Spore: Sporangiospores following for the phylum Sexual Spore: Zygospores Zygomycota: Sexual & Examples: Rhizopus asexual spores, Examples What disease does Chagas disease * Trypanosoma cruzi cause? What are the common Ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA * characteristics that all cells have that were discussed in lecture? Which microbes are Fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths classified as eukaryotes? Which microbes are Bacteria or eubacteria, archaea classified as prokaryotes? Which microbes are not Viruses classified as prokaryotic nor eukaryotic? General sizes of centimeters (cm) to meters (m) * macroscopic organisms? General sizes of Nanometers (nm) to Millimeters (mm) * microscopic organisms? General sizes of viruses? Nanometers nm * What is the standard unit Micrometer µm or microns * used to measure the size of microbes under the microscope? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 4 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Which microbes are Viruses, viroids, and prions * acellular? Microbes are classified 16S rRNA by their _____________ sequence. What is the order of the Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, classification levels for genus and species living things starting Remember Darn King Philip came over for great going from more general spaghetti* groups to more specific smaller groups? What is the order of the Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, classification levels for kingdom, domain living things starting Remember Seven girls fond of chocolate play going from more specific kickball daily or similar saying* smaller groups to more general groups? What are the 3 domains Archaea, Bacteria or Eubacteria, and Eukarya * used in the Woese-Fox system of classification? Which domain are fungi Eukarya * like yeasts and molds members of? Which domain are Eukarya * protozoa like amoeba and Plasmodium members of? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 5 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Which domain are algae Eukarya * like Spirogyra and diatoms members of? Which domain are viruses None, viruses do not fall under any domain. * like HIV and the flu members of? Which domain are Eukarya* helminths members of? Be familiar with and be *They are acellular (no cells) able to compare the Viruses are NEITHER Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic nm following characteristics range of viruses discussed in *They are parasitic. class: uni- or multicellular. They replicate using host cells. They do NOT have Prokaryote/eukaryote/nei a cell wall* ther, size, process of obtaining nutrition, reproduction, presence or absence of cell wall, type of cell wall substance (compare to homework questions) https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 6 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Be familiar with and be *They are unicellular able to compare the *Bacteria are Prokaryotic following characteristics *1 to 10 micrometers of bacteria discussed in *They absorb nutrition class: uni- or multicellular. *They reproduce via binary fission (where the fully- Prokaryote/eukaryote/nei grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing ther, size, process of two new cells). obtaining nutrition, Eubacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell reproduction, presence walls or absence of cell wall, type of cell wall substance (compare to homework questions) Be familiar with and be *They are unicellular able to compare the *Archaea are Prokaryotic following characteristics *1 to 10 micrometers of archaea discussed in *They absorb nutrition class: uni- or multicellular. *They reproduce asexually by binary or multiple Prokaryote/eukaryote/nei fission, fragmentation, or budding. ther, size, process of Archaea do NOT contain peptidoglycan in their obtaining nutrition, cell walls reproduction, presence or absence of cell wall, type of cell wall substance (compare to homework questions) https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 7 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Be familiar with and be *They can be unicellular or multi-cellular able to compare the *Fungi are Eukaryotic following characteristics *10 to 100 micrometers of fungi discussed in *They absorb nutrition class: uni- or multicellular. *They reproduce asexually via spores, Prokaryote/eukaryote/nei fragmentation, and budding. Sexually by spores ther, size, process of They contain Chitin in their cell walls obtaining nutrition, reproduction, presence or absence of cell wall, type of cell wall substance (compare to homework questions) Be familiar with and be *They are unicellular able to compare the *Protozoa are Eukaryotic following characteristics *10 to 100 micrometers of protozoa discussed in *They absorb nutrition class: uni- or multicellular. *They reproduce asexually or sexually Prokaryote/eukaryote/nei They do NOT have a cell wall ther, size, process of obtaining nutrition, reproduction, presence or absence of cell wall, type of cell wall substance (compare to homework questions) https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 8 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Be familiar with and be *They can be unicellular or multi-cellular able to compare the *Algae are Eukaryotic following characteristics *10 to 100 micrometers of algae discussed in *Their nutrition comes from photosynthesis class: uni- or multicellular. *They reproduce asexually or sexually Prokaryote/eukaryote/nei They contain Cellulose in their cell walls ther, size, process of obtaining nutrition, reproduction, presence or absence of cell wall, type of cell wall substance (compare to homework questions) What is the basic They are both prokaryotic and unicellular * similarities between archaea and bacteria? What are the basic *Bacteria has cell wall made of peptidoglycan, differences between whereas archaea does not. archaea and bacteria? Archaea closer genetically to eukaryotes Type of Organism: Bacteriology- Bacteria Mycology- Fungi Protozoology- Protozoa Parasitology- Parasites Virology- Viruses Phycology- Algae Organism Function: Microbial Genetics- genetics of microbes Microbial Physiology- Structure & function of microbes https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 9 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Microbial Ecology- relation of microbes with their environment Geomicrobiology- the role of microbes in geological processes Marine Microbiology- microbes in the water Astrobiology- life in space Be familiar with the Organism affect on health: different areas of Immunology- study of immunity microbiology (like the Epidemiology- study of occurrence, distribution and homework question). control of disease. Public Health Microbiology- study of microorganisms that may affect the public health. Medical Technology- test & analyze body tissues and fluids Pathogenic Microbiology- Study of a pathogen and its host Pharmaceutical Microbiology- study of microorganisms in relation to the creation of pharmaceuticals Applied Microbiology: Food Microbiology- study of microorganisms that affects food Biotechnology- using microorganisms to produce non-synthetic products Aquatic Microbiology- affect of microbes on sea life Agricultural Microbiology- study of microbes associated with plants. Bioremediation- the use of microbes to break down pollutants in the environment https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 10 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM What are the three rod-shaped (bacillus), spherical (coccus), and the general morphological curved rods (spirals) * categories of bacteria? Is there any known No, they are everywhere on earth * environments on earth that do not have some microbes? What bacteria, only Pelagibacter ubique * discovered in 1990 by their rRNA, are the most numerous bacteria in the ocean? They are found everywhere Nutrition recycling Produce oxygen Produce soil Be familiar with the ways Produce greenhouse gases that microbes affect the Part of food chains world. Produce Biofilms Cause disease (pathogens) Fermented food Biotechnology to make products * What do you think would The rumen of the cow contains billions of microbes happen if you treated a that help it to digest food. Antibiotics kill good and cow with an antibiotic bad bacteria. The antibiotics would hinder the cows' that killed the microbes in ability to digest food. * its rumen? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 11 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM There has been an Antibiotic resistance and non-vaccinated increase in infection rates individuals* in the 1900s. This is due to? Malnourished No access to drugs or healthcare Vaccines (Not gotten, Not available, Not made) Low immunity Why are there still Increased drug resistance microbial infections even Some noninfectious diseases determined to be with treatment? caused by microbes (EX Helicobacter & ulcers) Encroachment on new lands (Emerging diseases) Air travel spreads disease Produce can be contaminated by workers defecating in the fields* Food What are some Gene therapy applications of Drugs, Vitamins biotechnology using Amino acids, Hormones microbes (i.e what Insecticides products are made)? Bioremediation * What general metabolic Fermentation * process used by microbes aids in food production? Examples of foods made Soy sauce, sauerkraut, dill pickles, olives, salami, using this process (other cocoa, black teas * than milk products)? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 12 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Why can cheeses have Different microbes give different flavors by different different tastes and fermentation end products * properties even if they are all made via milk? Type of microbe, type of Yeast, alcohol fermentation* fermentation involved in making bread Type of microbe, type of Lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid fermentation* fermentation involved in making yogurt Type of microbe, type of Lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid fermentation* fermentation involved in making cheese Type of microbe, type of Yeast, alcohol fermentation* fermentation involved in making wine What molecule/chemical Acetaldehyde * found in yogurt makes it taste tart? What gas causes holes to Carbon dioxide * form in swiss cheese? What type of organism Fungus Penicillium * (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa) causes the blue color in blue cheese? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 13 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Why did the study of Microscopes were not developed until that time * microorganisms not officially begin until the 1500s? *Aristotle-Spontaneous generation *Koch- Germ Theory of Disease *Needham- for SG, heated mutton broth with cover *Hooke- coined term "cell" *Holmes-Mothers who gave birth at home had less infections that mothers at hospitals *Semmelweis-Developed a process for doctors to wash their hands with chlorinated lime prior to working with mothers giving birth *Jenner- smallpox vaccine Be able to recognize the *Fleming- discovered penicillin accomplishments of the *Lister- disinfect surgical wounds scientists mentioned in *Mullis- PCR (Polymerase chain reaction), amplify lecture (matching DNA example in homework). *Ehrlich- 1st synthetic antibiotic, "chemotherapy" Check out the separate *Redi- against SG, No flies from meat card set on this. *Spallanzani-against SG *Pasteur-against SG, swan flasks, pasteurization, vaccine for cholera and rabies, fermentation van Leeuwenhoek- 1st to observe living bacteria Virchow- Biogenesis *Schwann & Schleiden-Cell theory *Tyndall-Tyndallization, method to kill endospore formers in food *Sanger and other-Sequence DNA Venter & Smith- Complete sequence of bacterial genome https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 14 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM What are the theories of Spontaneous Generation Cell Theory (include how life emerged Biogenesis) * discussed in lecture? Which scientists were Aristotle, Needham * FOR spontaneous generation? Which scientists were Pasteur, Redi, Spallanzani * AGAINST spontaneous generation? Fermentation What were the major Pasteurization accomplishments of the Aseptic technique Golden Age of Germ Theory Microbiology? Vaccination * Based on lecture how Bacteria make acetic acid when exposed to air * does wine become sour? Based on lecture how is Fermenting yeasts made the alcohol. * the alcohol made in wine? What gas needs to be Oxygen * absent for fermentation to occur? Why does milk spoil even Some spoilage organisms stay * if it is pasteurized? Synthetic Drugs: Antimicrobial substance made in What are the two types the lab of chemotherapy? Antibiotics: Antimicrobial substance made in nature * https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 15 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM In the case study, what Infectious endocarditis, an infection of the heart condition did the patient valve and linings* die of? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 16 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM External- Appendages: *Flagella- motility Pili- conjugation, adhesion, twitching motility Fimbriae- adhesion Glycocalyx (surface coating): *Capsule- (Highly organized, tightly attached), sticky adhesion, cell protection *Slime layer-(Loosely organized & attached), protection from dehydration and loss of nutrients, adhesion Cell envelope- Know the functions and *Cell Wall - determines cell shape, prevents lysis, basic location of the contains peptidoglycan bacterial cellular *Cell Membrane (sheath around cytoplasm)- structures. phospholipid bilayer, regulates transport, site of energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Internal- *Cytoplasmic matrix- 70-80% water, site of cells biochemical and synthetic activities *Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis *Inclusions- nutrient storage sites *Nucleoid- area where DNA is *Chromosome- single strand of DNA Actin cytoskeleton- internal network of protein polymers that help cell maintain shape Endospore- dormant bodies that withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival* https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 17 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Why is it an advantage Bacteria can swim towards nutrients and away from for bacteria to have toxins. * flagella? Be familiar with the Atrichous: none flagellar arrangements Monotrichous: single flagellum (homework question). Amphitrichous: flagella at both ends of cell Check out the card set Lophotrichous: small bunches arising from one end on this. Peritrichous: all over cell surface, slowest * Fimbriae: hairlike bristles, adhesion to other cells Compare fimbriae & pili and surfaces and their roles. Pili: tubular structure made of pilin protein, conjugation, adhesion, twitching motility * What are the two types Capsule, Slime layer* of glycocalyx? What are the functions of Adhesion the glycocalyx? Protection from dehydration and loss of nutrients * Create cooperative stable communities that protect What is the function of cells from antibiotics and immune cells. Cell biofilms? adherence.* Examples of biofilms. Dental plaque, UTIs, Indwelling devices * What benefits do biofilms Protect against antibodies, antibiotics, disinfectants give bacteria? & phagocytosis * What is the chemical Composed of a repeating framework of long glycan make-up of (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide/protein peptidoglycan? fragments* What two sugars make up NAG (N-acetyl glucosamine) & NAM (N-acetyl peptidoglycan? muramic acid) * https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 18 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Do all bacteria have cell Mycoplasms do no not have a cell wall EX walls? Name an example Mycoplasma pneumoniae * of one that does not have a cell wall if they exist. Thick peptidoglycan layer with one membrane Components of the No outer membrane Gram-positive cell walls Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid * Two membranes (outer & inner membrane) that Components of the sandwich a thin layer of peptidoglycan Gram-negative cell walls Has lipopolysaccharides/LPS and porin proteins * Primary stain crystal violet stain all cells. The mordant iodine allows the purple stain to be trapped in the peptidoglycan cell wall. Alcohol washes away the iodine complex in the thin Understand the basis of peptidoglycan wall of gram-negative bacteria, while the Gram-stain and the the shrinkage caused by alcohol causes the technique. complexes to be trapped in the peptidoglycan in gram-positive cell wall The counterstain safranin stains all cells and enhances the purple stain of the gram-positive cells. * After the staining Purple * technique, what color are Gram-positive bacteria? After the staining Pink * technique, what color are Gram-negative bacteria? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 19 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM What would happen to They would appear purple. * any bacterial cell type that is only stained with crystal violet? What would happen if a They would appear pink * Gram-positive cell is NOT stained with crystal violet after gram staining? What would happen to They will not retain the crystal violet and will stain any bacterial cell type if with safranin. They will be appear red/pink. * the mordant is left out? What happens to Gram They will be still be purple * negative cells if the alcohol step is left out? What happens to Gram They would be clear. * negative cells if the safranin step is left out? What happens to Gram They would still be purple but a lighter purple. * positive cells if the safranin step is left out? What molecule is stained Mycolic acid * by the acid fast stain? Why is acid fast stain Mycobacteria have mycolic acid, a thick and waxy used instead of the Gram substance which is resistant to certain chemicals stain to stain and dyes * mycobacteria? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 20 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Mycoplasma are not They do not have cell walls and penicillin affects affected by penicillin. cell walls* Why? What types of genes can Plasmids may have genes that encode antibiotic be found on a bacterial resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes and plasmid? toxins* What types of genes are Plasmids would not have genes for key metabolic or not found on a bacterial reproduction processes (EX glycolysis genes) * plasmid? What substance allows 16S rRNA * scientists to compare and classify bacteria phylogenically? Name two examples of Clostridium, Bacillus * organisms that can make endospores (Genus name). What the two cell types Vegetative cell, Endospore* involved in the endospore life cycle? Which cell is dormant in Endospore* the endospore life cycle? Which cell is viable or Vegetative cell* active in the endospore life cycle? How many endospores One * are made per bacterial cell? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 21 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM What is the advantage if High resistance and very long-term survival in a bacterium being able adverse environmental conditions to form endospores? Are Endospores are NOT used for reproduction only endospores used for survival * reproduction? What chemicals keep the Dipicolinic acid * cells dormant in an endospore? Endospores are produced by some genera of bacteria that cause disease. What is the relevance of Endospores become a problem with endospores? decontamination of surfaces (sterilization measures are needed). * Fungal spores are made for reproduction while endospores are made for survival. What are the differences Fungal spores are more sensitive to treatments (UV, between fungal spores chemicals, drying etc) as compared to endospores and bacterial which are more resistant. endospores? Many fungal spores per fungus vs. one endospore per bacterium* *Mycoplasma Examples of small sized *Ocean organism Pelagibacter ubique bacteria. Archaea ARMAN in acid mines in CA (Pink biofilms) Example of a large sized Gram-negative ocean coccus Thiomargarita bacterium namibiensis (up to 750 µm) * https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 22 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM *Single coccus *Diplococcus: Pairs *Tetrad: Four cocci *Sarcina: Eight cocci in a box Be familiar with the *Streptococci: Chains of cocci bacterial cellular *Staphylococci: Clusters of cocci arrangements for cocci and bacilli, Know *Single bacillus examples of these cell *Diplobacilli: Pairs types. Check out the card *Streptobacilli: Chains of bacilli set on this. Coccobacillus: Very short & plump bacilli Vibrio: Gently curved bacilli *Spirillum: Helical, comma, twisted rod, Spirochete: Spring-like* Why are there more Because Bacilli only divide in the transverse plane coccal arrangements whereas cocci divide in many different planes. * than bacillary arrangements? Bergey's manual classifies 16S rRNA * bacteria based on what? Be familiar with the phyla Proteobacteria* of the domain Bacteria. E. coli is a member of what phylum? Staphylococcus aureus is Firmicutes* a member of what phylum? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 23 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Mycobacterium Actinobacteria* tuberculosis is a member of what phylum? Examples of bacteria that Cyanobacteria, green and purple sulfur bacteria* perform photosynthesis. What structures are Heterocysts * found in cyanobacteria to fix nitrogen? Example of Anabaena * cyanobacteria discussed in class. What are the main *Cyanobaceria- Form oxygen in atmosphere, differences between chlorophyll cyanobacteria and green Green & purple sulfur bacteria- Do not give off & purple sulfur bacteria oxygen, bacteriochlorophyll (think about oxygen use, type of photosynthetic pigments)? Example of a bacterium Slime bacteria or myxobacteria * that can do gliding motility. Fruiting bodies are starving * produced when myxobacteria are _______________. What structures are Myxospores * formed from fruiting bodies? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 24 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Rickettsias cause what *Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus. diseases? These microbe Blood-sucking arthropods (fleas, ticks, lice). are classified as strict intracellular parasites. Rickettsia are transmitted Arthropods (Ticks, lice, fleas)* by what method? Ancient rickettsia were Mitochondria * thought to have developed into these cellular structures. Chlamydia is not These microbes are not transmitted via vectors transmitted by this (arthropods etc) * means. Chlamydial bacteria STD, Trachoma (eye infections), Parrot fever, lung cause what diseases? infections* How are archaea No peptidoglycan and similar rRNA to eukaryotes * different from other bacteria? Monotrichous Single flagellum * Amphitrichous Flagella at both ends of cell * Flagella in small bunches arising from one end of Lophotrichous cell * Peritrichous Flagella dispersed over surface of cell * Atrichous No flagella * https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 25 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Flagella: motility (both) Cilia: Motility, feeding and filtering Cell wall: Rigidity & provides structural support and shape (both) Glycocalyx: Adherence, biofilms, protection (both) Cytoplasmic membrane: Selectively permeable barrier in transport (both) Nucleus: Genome storage, ribosome made Nuclear envelope: 2 parallel membranes separated by a Know the basic structures narrow space, perforated with pores of eukaryotic cells and Nucleolus: Dark area for rRNA synthesis and the functions of these ribosome assembly structures. You should Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein packaging know which structures and transport for secretory pathway are found in only Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Nutrient eukaryotes, only processing, Production of lipids and phospholipids prokaryotes, or both. (membranes), Release calcium Golgi apparatus: Check out the card set Modify & mature proteins from the ER, transport that focuses on cell parts. proteins to organelles or secretory proteins to the outside Lysosomes: Intracellular digestion of food particles Mitochondria: Energy production Chloroplast (algae and plant cells): photosynthesis Cytoskeleton: movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, & structural support (both) Ribosomes: Protein synthesis (both) Vacuoles: Storage for the cell * Which eukaryotic Fungi and Algae * microbes have cell walls? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 26 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Which eukaryotic Protozoans * microbes do not cell walls? What substance is found Chitin * in fungal cell walls? What substance is found Cellulose * in algal cell walls? What sterol is in fungal Ergosterol * cell membranes? What makes the rough ER Ribosomes * rough? If a cell does not have Photosynthesis * chloroplasts, what function can it not do? -Mitochondria divide independently of cell Why are mitochondria -Mitochondria contain DNA & prokaryotic 70S and chloroplasts thought ribosomes to be ancient bacteria? -Mitochondria have a double membrane * What is the difference Eukaryotic 80S ribosomes vs prokaryotic 70S between eukaryotic and ribosomes * prokaryotic ribosomes? Where are ribosomes Rough ER, cytoplasm, mitochondria * located in eukaryotic cells? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 27 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Why is it important to These differences allow researchers to design new know the difference antimicrobial drugs that ideally target these between bacterial cell difference in the cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotic cell and eukaryotes vs. our cells * structures? Fungi: nutrition, Nutrition: absorb, heterotroph (heterotrophs or Cell wall: chitin autotrophs), cell wall, Reproduction: asexual or sexual using spores, reproduction (similar to asexual using fragmentation and budding * homework) What cholesterol-like Ergosterol * compound is found in fungal cell membranes to aid in stability? What are the two Yeast and hyphae/filamentous fungi * vegetative forms of fungi? Presence of absence of septa and the function of the hyphae Septated: Cytoplasm & nuclei of hyphae divided by cross walls How can hyphae be Nonseptated: Hyphae not divided, see classified? multinucleated Vegetative hyphae including rhizoids: Digest and absorb nutrients Reproductive/ aerial hyphae: Produce spores for reproduction* https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 28 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Why are fungi grown in For most fungi, their optimal growth is at 25C * the lab at 25C instead of 37C (most bacteria)? Mitotic production of spores and conidia How do fungi reproduce Fragmentation (Pieces) asexually? Budding (Uneven distribution of cytoplasm)* Fusion of 2 parent nuclei to form sexual spores. The How do fungi reproduce sexual spore undergoes meiosis and recombination sexually? then the spores are released * Fusion of male and female mycelia Fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy) What are the basic steps Fusion of nuclei (karyogamy) of the fungal Meiosis and recombination of zygote/sexual spore reproduction cycle. Spore releases and forms a new thallus. Fungus can also undergo mitosis to form asexual spores* What are the basic types Conidia and sporangiospores* of fungal asexual spores? ____________ are the most Conidia* common types of asexual fungal spores. Conidia: Arthrospores Chlamydospores, Blastospores Be familiar of examples Phialospores of asexual spores Microconidium, macroconidium (porospore etc). Porospore Sporangiospores * https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 29 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Which fungal asexual Sporangiospore* spore is located in a sac- like structure? Zygospores What are the three fungal Ascospores sexual spores of fungi? Basidiospores* Name an example of a Rhizopus the bread mold* filamentous fungus that makes sporangiospores. Zygospores: Two mycelia fuse to form zygote, Zygospore germinate to form sporangiospores (asexual spores) What are the basic Ascospores: Sexual spore formed in a sac (Ascus), differences between the Ascospore germinate to form conidia (asexual three fungal sexual spores) spores? Basidiospores: Sexual spore formed in club shaped cell (Basidium), Basidiospore germinate to form conidia * Be familiar w/the Asexual Spore: Conidia following for the phylum Sexual Spore: Ascospores Ascomycota: Sexual & Examples: Penicillium Aspergillus asexual spores, Examples Be familiar w/the Asexual Spore: Canidia following for the phylum Sexual Spore: Basidiospores Basidomycota: Sexual & Examples: Cryptococcus Mushrooms asexual spores, hyphae type, Examples https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 30 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Be familiar w/the Asexual Spore: Zoospores following for the phylum Sexual Spore: N/A Chytridimycota: Sexual & Examples: Frog Pathogens asexual spores, hyphae type, Examples Using your basic Filamentous fungi appear as hairy structures knowledge from lab and Sabouraud (with a low pH) * lecture, how would you know if a sample on an agar plate is a potential fungus? What type of medium could you use to help isolate these? Decomposers Industrial applications like make ethanol How are fungi beneficial? Make food Produce medicine like antibiotics* Break down material Crop destruction How are fungi harmful? Fungal infections or mycoses Allergies Produce toxins (Aflatoxin) * Nutrition: autotroph via photosynthesis Algae: nutrition, cell wall, Cell wall: cellulose reproduction, (similar to Reproduction: Asexual & sexual homework), uses of algae Uses:Used for cosmetics, food (Seaweed) & medical products * What pigment do algae Chlorophyll * possess? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 31 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM What algae type causes Dinoflagellates. * red tide? Name some examples of Prototheca and Pfiesteria * pathogenic algae. Which non- Prototheca* photosynthetic alga can cause skin and subcutaneous infections? Which alga produces a Pfiesteria* neurotoxin in fish which can cause toxicity in people who eat infected fish? Nutrition: Heterotroph Protozoa: nutrition, cell Cell wall: none wall, reproduction, Reproduction: Asexual (mitosis or multiple fission) or (similar to homework) Sexual (some, ciliates use conjunction) Trophozoite: active feeding stage Under stress, trophozoites will develop into cyst What is the basic life (Encystment) cycle of protozoa? Cysts are dormant resting stage Once conditions are suitable, cysts will germinate (Excystment) * Name three cellular Pseudopods, flagella, cilia * structures protozoa use for locomotion. https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 32 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Which protozoan group Ciliates or Ciliophora* has multiple nuclei (macronucleus and micronuclei)? Check out the card set with the different protozoan groups. Which protozoan group Apicomplexa* produces sporozoites? Which fungus causes Candida * thrush and diaper rash? What fungus can cause Trichophyton* ringworm or tinea? What fungus causes Ohio Histoplasma* Valley Fever? What fungus causes San Coccidioides * Joaquin Valley Fever? What disease does African sleeping sickness * Trypanosoma brucei cause? What disease does Amebiasis or ameobic dysentery * Entamoeba cause? What disease does GI tract disease* Giardia cause? The protozoan Giardia The vehicle (inanimate object), water lamblia is transmitted by __. https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 33 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM What disease does Trichomoniasis (an STD) * Trichomonas cause? What disease does Brain infection * Acanthamoeba cause? What disease does Malaria * Plasmodium cause? Someone can catch Cleaning the cat box* toxoplasmosis from doing this activity. Commonly GI tract Cyst are dormant resting cells that can survive the infections by protozoa harsh conditions like stomach acid and enzymes. are due to ingestion of Once arriving at the large intestine the excystment cysts versus the can occur to form the trophozoite * trophozoite form. Why? What is the basic life Egg larvae adult * cycle of the helminth? What are the two main Flatworm and roundworms * types of helminths? What are the two types Cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) * of flatworms? Pinworm is another name Enterbius vermicularis * for this helminth. How do you diagnose a Use the tape test * roundworm/pinworm infection? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 34 of 35 Exam 1d Review Questions Set to Study for the Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet 9/16/24, 12:22 AM Name the organism that Taenia saginata * is a tape worm found in cows. How do you diagnose a Diagnose by proglottids (Worm segments) in stool* tape worm infection? Trichinosis is caused by Pork and bear * worms in what types of meats? https://quizlet.com/265737190/exam-1d-review-questions-set-to-study-for-the-lecture-1-exam-flash-cards/?exitTest=1 Page 35 of 35