Biology Chapter 6: Translation Basics

Chapter 6 Materials: Translation

• Amino acids are held together by a bond formed during translation.

• The anticodon loop is found within a tRNA molecule.

• The anticodon is complementary to a codon.

• tRNA has a double-stranded stem-loop secondary structure.

• The amino acid is attached to the 3' end of the tRNA.

• An enzyme charges tRNA with an amino acid.

• A degenerate code has more codons than amino acids.

• The wobble hypothesis explains the flexibility in the third base of a codon-anticodon pairing.

• The typical start codon in bacteria is AUG, which codes for methionine.

• Archaea and eukaryotes typically begin proteins with methionine.

• The Shine-Dalgarno sequence in mRNA helps ribosomes bind to the mRNA.

• A stop codon signals the end of protein synthesis.

• In bacteria, (and many archaea and eukaryotes), an open reading frame on mRNA starts with the codon AUG and ends with a stop codon.

• The three stages of translation are initiation, elongation, and termination; translation requires energy.

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes have differing structures.

• 2 rRNA components have crucial roles in translation.

• The bacterial initiation complex includes mRNA, initiator tRNA, and the ribosome.

• The first tRNA binds to the ribosome's P site.

• Newly charged tRNAs enter the A site.

• Peptide bond formation occurs at the ribosome's P site.

• Polyribosomes are multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA.

• Translation terminates with a stop codon.

Chapter 5 and Extra Animal Virus/Sub-viral Material (Ch 11): Viruses and Their Replication

• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
• A virion is a complete virus particle.
• Virus infection is the invasion of a host cell by a virus.
• Capsids, nucleocapsids, naked viruses, and enveloped viruses are defined.
• Enveloped viruses gain their membrane from the host cell.
• A viral genome can have 4 different configurations.
• Viruses have a size range.
• A capsid is the protein coat surrounding the viral genome.
• Protein molecules that make up viral capsids are defined.
• 3 common viral symmetries (shapes) are described and one is more efficient than the others and why.
• Enveloped viruses typically enter/exit host cells differently than naked viruses.
• Viral enzymes carried within the viral capsid are defined and their functions.
• Enzymes copy RNA to RNA, RNA to DNA, and DNA to DNA.
• Animal viruses are cultivated in host cells or host cell lines.
• Infectious units/volume is a virus concentration measurement.
• Viral replication has 5 phases.
• The major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic viral penetration is discussed.
• Receptors on host cells are described.
• Enzymes involved in viral entry and exit are described.
• 3 types of anti-viral mechanisms in prokaryotes are described.
• 3 general types of viral proteins are classified and their roles.
• Virus life cycles (lytic and lysogenic) are defined and differentiated.
• Factors that induce the lytic pathway in lysogenic viruses occur.
• Lysogenic conversion is defined.

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of translation in biology. This quiz covers topics such as tRNA structure, codon-anticodon interactions, and the stages of translation. Dive into the details of amino acid bonding and the importance of start and stop codons!