Chapter 3: The Skeletal System PDF

Chapter 3: The Skeletal System Major Structures Related Combing Forms Primary Functions Bones osse/e, oss/i, ost/e, osto/o Act as the framework for the body, protect internal or...

Chapter 3: The Skeletal System Major Structures Related Combing Forms Primary Functions Bones osse/e, oss/i, ost/e, osto/o Act as the framework for the body, protect internal organs, and store calcium Bone Marrow myel/o (also means spinal Red bone marrow helps form cord) blood cells. Yellow bone marrow stores fat Cartilage chond/ro Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones Joints arthr/o Works with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible Ligaments ligament/o Connect one bone to another Synovial membrane synovi/o, synov/o Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid Bursa burs/o Cushion areas subject to friction during movement Vocabulary Words Definitions Ossification formation of bones Osteoclast bone-forming cells that create new bone and help heal and grow existing bones Periosteum Tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of none Compact bone or cortical bone Dense very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones Spongy bone or cancellous bone porous sponge-like part at the bone Medullary cavity The central cavity located in the shaft of long bones Endosteum The tissue that lines the medullary cavity Red bone marrow Located within spongy tissue and manufactures red blood cells Hemopoietic Pertaining to the formation of blood cells Yellow bone marrow Functions as fat storage area - located in the medullary cavity of long bone cells Cartilage Smooth rubbery, blue-white connective tissues that act as shock absorbers between nones Articular cartilage Covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate or come together to form bones Meniscus Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee Diaphysis Shaft of a long bone Epiphyses Wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs Foreman Opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass Foreman magnum Occipital bone at the base of the skull Process Normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon Fibrous joints Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue Fontanelles Soft spots are normally present on the skull of a newborn Cartilaginous joints Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilages Pubic symphysis Joint located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis shown Synovial joint Where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions Ball and socket joints Hip and shoulders - allow a wide range or movement in many directions Hinge joints Such as knees and elbows, synovial joints and allow movement primarily in one direction or plane Synovial capsule The outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint Synovial membrane Acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible Ligaments Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another or joining a bone to cartgilage bursa Fibrous sac that acts as a s cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction Axial skeleton Skelton protects the major organs of the nervous respiratory and circulatory systems (80 bones) Appendicular skeleton Makes body movement possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction, consist of limbs too (126 bones) Appendage Anything that is attached to a major part of the body Extremity Terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg Skull Consists of 8 bones that form the cranium Cranium Portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain Frontal bone The anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead Parietal bones Two or the larges bones of the skull and they from the roof and upper sides of the cranium Occipital bone Forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium Temporal bones From the sides and base of the cranium External auditory meatus Opening of the external canal of the outer ear, location with the temporal bone on each side of the skull Sphenoid bone Irregular or wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull Ethomoid bone Light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of nose Auditory ossicles 3 tiny bones located in each ear known as the malleus, incus, and staples Nasal bone Upper part of the bridge of the nose Zygomatic bone Cheekbones Maxillary bones Forms most of upper jaw Palatine bone Forms the frog part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose Lacrimal bones Make up part of the eye socket at the inner angle Inferior conchae Thin scroll-like bones that form part of the inferior nose Vomer bone Forms the base of the nasal septum Nasal septum The cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities Mandible Jawbone True ribs 7 pairs attached to the sternum False ribs 3 ribs attached anteriorly to the cartilage that connects to the sternum Floating ribs Last 2 pair of ribs that are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae Sternum Breast bone manubrium Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum Body the sternum Middle portion of sternum Xiphoid process Forms lowers part of the sternum Clavicle Shoulder bone Scapular Shoulder blade Acromion Extension of the scapula that forms the higher portion of the shoulder Humerus Bone on the upper arm Radius Shorter bone in the forearm Ulna Larger and longer bone of the forearm Olecranon Funny Bone - large proximal tip of the ulna Carpal 8 bones that form the wrist Metacarpals 5 bones that forms the palms of the hands Phlanges 14 bones of the fingers, distal (outermost), middle, and proximal (near the band) Spinal column or vertebral column Protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body vertebrae Bony units in the verbal column, consist of 26 Lamina The posterior portion of a vertebra Vertebral foramen Opening in the middle of the vertebra Intervertebral disks Cartilage and pads of tissue, separate the vertebrae from each other and allow for movement in the spinal column Nucleus pulposus Inner core and made up of soft gelatinous material that allows intervertebral disks to act as shock absorbers Cervical vertebrae First set of 7 vertebrae and form on the neck, C1 to C7 Thoracic vertebrae Second set of 12 vertebrae, each vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it known as T1 to T12 Lumber vertebrae Third set of 5 vertebrae, curve inward of the lower spine, known as L1 and L5 Sacrum Slightly curved triangular r bone near the base of the  spine that forms the lower portion Coccyx Tailbone Pelvic girdle Cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pelvis Ilium Bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone (hip bone) Sacroiliac Slight immovable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium Ischium Forms the lower posterior portion of pubic bone Pubis Anterior portion of pubic bone and where the urinary bladder is located Pubic symphysis Cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones Acetabulum Hip socket - large circular cavity on each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint Femur Thigh bone Patella Kneecap Popliteal Posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to joint are located Cruciate ligaments Make possible the movements of knees, torn is commonly known as ACL injury Tibia shinbone, large anterior part of leg Fibula Smaller two bones of the lower leg Tarsal Ankle is made of 7 short bones Malleolus Rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibular on the sides of each ankle Talus Ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula Calcaneus Heel bone Metatarsals Form the part of the foot in which are toes are  attached Phalanges Bones of toes Pathology of Bones Chiropractor Specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine Manipulative treatment Involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones Orthopedic surgeon Also known as orthopedist - physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving bones, joints, and muscles Osteopath Holds a doctor of osteopathy and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal maniulation Podiatrist Holds a doctor of podiatry or podiatric medicine and specializes in diganosisg and treating disorders of the foot Rheumatologist A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendonitis Ankylosis Absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injuries repair Adhesive capsulitis Also known as frozen shoulder, painful ankylosis of the shoulder Atherosclerosis Stiffness of the joints Baker’s cyst Fluid-filled sac behind the knee Bursitis Inflammation of the bursa Chondromalacia Abnormal softening of cartilages Costochondritis Inflation of the cartilages that connects a rib to the sternum Hallux valgus Also known as bunion - abnormal enlargement of the joint at the bae of the great toe Hemarthrosis Blood within a joint Polymyalgia rheumatica Inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighs Sprain When the ligament that connects bones to a joint is torn Synovitis Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain in affected area Dislocation Total displacement of a bone from its joints Subluxation Partial displacement of a bone from its joints Arthritis Inflammatory condition of one or more joints Osteoarthritis Also known as wear and tear arthritis - commonly associated with aging Degenerative joint disease Wearing and tearing away of articular cartilage within the joints Osteophytes Bone spurs, bony projections that cause pain or restrict movement in a joint Spondylosis Degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function gout Inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in joints and often big toe Pseudogout Form of arthritis that most commonly affects the knees or wrist Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked Ankylosing spondylitis Type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of joints between the vertebrae Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Autoimmune disorder that affects children, stiffness, pain joint, swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth and fatigue Psoriatic arthritis Inflammatory form of arthritis developed by about 20% of people with the autoimmune skin disease psoriasis Herniated disk Slipped or ruptured disk, breaking apart of intervertebral disk Lumbago Low back pain Spondlylolistethsis Forward slipping movement of the body od one of the lower vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below Spina bifida Congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord and protect it Kyphosis Outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side - hump on back Lordosis Forward curvature of the lumbar spine Scoliosis Curvature of spine sideways Avascular necrosis Bone tissue death caused by insufficient flow of blood Ostetis Inflammation of bone Osteomalacia Adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults Osteomyelitis Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone Paget’s disease Chronic bone disease unknown caused, abnormal breakdown of bone Periostisis Inflammation of the periosteum Radiculopathy Condition caused by compression of a never in the spine - pinched nerve Rickets Deficiency disease occurring in children - defective bone growth because of low vitamin d Spinal stenosis Narrowing of the spaces within the spine Primary bone cancer Malignant tumor that originates in a bone Secondary bone cancer or bone Cancer cells metastasize (spread) to bones from other metastasis organs Multiple myeloma Cancer that occurs in blood making plasma found in red bone marrow Osteochondroma Benign bony projection covered with cartilage Osteoporosis Loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity associated with aging Osteopenia Thinner than average bone density Compression fracture Bones is pressed together Colles fracture Broken wrist and named after irish surgeon named abraham colles Osteoprotic hip fracture Broken hip cause by weakening of bones Closed fracture (simple fracture) Bone is broken but has not gone through skin Open fracture (compound fracture) Broken bone has has gone through skin Comminuted fracture Bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces Incomplete fracture Bone does not break into 2 pieces Greenstick fracture One side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent Buckle fracture Bone is compressed and buckles but does not break Pathologic fracture Bone breaks under normal strain such as disease or aging Stress fracture Overuse injury, small crack on bone that often develops red from chronic excessive impact Transverse fracture Straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone Fat embolous Can occur when long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into blood Crepitation Grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together Callus Forms as a building deposit around the area of the break Arthroscopy Visual examination of internal structure of a joint Bone marrow biopsy Bone marrow aspiration Use of syringe to withdraw tissue from red bone  marrow Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Used to image soft tissue structure such as interior of complex joints Ultrasonic bone density test Screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass Dual x-ray absorptiometry Low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density Bisphosphonates Class of drugs used to slow the loss of bone density due to osteoporosis Hormone replacement therapy Used in short term to maintain bone density in women at high risk for bone loss after menopause Bone marrow transplant (BMT) Stem cell transplant used to treat certain types of cancers such a leukemia and lymphomas allogeneic stem cell transplant Uses health bone marrow cells from compatible donor Autologous bone marrow transplant Patient received his or her own bone marrow which has been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored Peripheral blood stem cell transplant Utilizes blood-forming stems cells from bloodstream or the patient or donor Orthic mechanical appliances such as shoe insert, leg brace, or splint which are specially designed to support, control. Correct, or compensate for impaired limb function Prothesis Substitute doe a disease or missing body part such as a leg that has been amputated Arthrodesis Surgical infusion of two bones to stiffen joint Arthroscopic surgery Minimally invasive produced for the treatment of the inferior joint Bone grafting Surgical procedure using transplanted bone Synovectomy Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint Arthroplasty Surgical repair of a damage joint Hip resurfacing arthroplasty Alternative to removing head of femur, function is restored to hip by placing a metal cap over the head of femur Revision surgery Replacement or a worn or failed implant Amputation Surgical or accidental removal of a limb Phantom limb pain Sensation of pain from body part that is no longer in sue Percutaneous diskectomy Performed to treat herniated intervertebral disk Laminectomy Surgical removal or lamina, posterior portion of a vertebra Spinal fusion Technique used to immobilized part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae Decompressive craniectomy Surgical removal of a portion of the skull Craniotomy Surgical incision or opening into the skull Osteotomy Surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone Closed reduction (manipulation) Attempted surgical realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocating Open reduction Realign bone part Immbolization Act of holding suturing or fastening bone in a fixed position traction Pulling force exerted on a li,n in a distal direction in an effect to return bone or joint to normal alignment External fixation fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that the external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing Internal fixation (open reduction Fracture treatment where plate or pins are placed internal fixation) ORIF directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces