Chapter 2 - Shaping Nationalism PDF

Chapter 2 Shaping Nationalism Key terms Absolute monarchy Estates General Meeting Republic Women’s March on Feudal system Versailles Bourgeoisie Secul...

Chapter 2 Shaping Nationalism Key terms Absolute monarchy Estates General Meeting Republic Women’s March on Feudal system Versailles Bourgeoisie Secularism Age of Enlightenment The American Revolution The Bastille Conservatism Tennis Court Oath Liberalism The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen The Reign of Terror The Directory The French Revolution: Background What does the word revolution mean? What could cause a revolution? The French Revolution: Background One of the many consequences of the French Revolution was the birth of nationalism. Essentially, the people of France used force to remove (and kill) their King. This meant that, for the first time in Europe, a People or nation, had control over future (self-determination) To understand this event, we’ll need to look closely at 18th century Europe The French Revolution: Background Before 1789, all governments in Europe are monarchies and the feudal system is in place. The French Revolution: Background An absolute monarchy refers to gov’t where the leader has supreme authority - not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. They are believed to have a ‘divine right’ to rule over their subjects (France before the Revolution). The feudal system refers to how all land in a kingdom is owned by a king. Some land would be given to lords who would allow peasants or serfs to work those lands. Peasants did not receive income from their work. The French Revolution: Background In 1789, the French Revolution occurred. The people changed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic of free and equal citizens and democracy. Republic: a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives. There is no connection to a monarchy (US and France today) Louis XIV - The Sun King “I am the state” - Louis XIV, King of France Louis XV - The “Well-Loved” King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Palace of Versailles Palace of Versailles Four Causes of the French Revolution 1. Political and Social Inequalities 2. The Age of Enlightenment 3. The Rise of the Bourgeoisie 4. Economic and Geographic Problems Four Causes of the French Revolution 1. Political and Social Inequalities The population was divided into 3 estates: ○ First Estate: clergy/bishops (~0.5%) ○ Second Estate: nobility/aristocrats (~1.5%) ○ Third Estate: middle class bourgeoisie, workers, peasants (~98%). This was the only estate that paid taxes. All political power resided with the first and second estates. Four Causes of the French Revolution 1. Political and Social Inequalities Bourgeoisie: a rising middle class, these peoples were gaining wealth. This is the merchant or business class. Four Causes of the French Revolution 2. The Age of Enlightenment This was an philosophical movement that began in 18th century Europe. It supported individual liberty, rational thinking, and science. Thinkers of the Enlightenment often went against many ideas from the Church and monarchies of the time. One of these thinkers was Voltaire who said “Man is free if he wants to be”. Why might this statement anger aristocrats? How might it have helped the revolution? Four Causes of the French Revolution 2. The Age of Enlightenment Many from the bourgeoisie began to question the divine right of kings, and new thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau argued for major changes within the state and Church. Enlightenment philosophers espoused the concept of liberalism. Liberalism refers to the belief in the value of freedom (individual rights for people - i.e. freedom of expression) and political equality (everyone treated equally by the government) AND democracy. Four Causes of the French Revolution 2. The Age of Enlightenment Those who would support the revolution would promote l iberalism (Enlightenment thinkers). Those opposed to the revolution would favour conservatism Conservatism (not modern conservatives) supported strict societal control, law and order, no social mobility, no change; status quo - they would also be monarchists. This time period inspired many Americans as well - who then successfully overthrow the British in 1783. This happens just before the French Revolution (The French are inspired by the Americans) Four Causes of the French Revolution 2. The Age of Enlightenment “I may disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” - Quote by Evelyn Beatrice Hall While not his words, it summarizes the beliefs of many Enlightenment thinkers of the time (Voltaire, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau) Four Causes of the French Revolution 2. The Age of Enlightenment Philosopher Investigation Activity - create a digital poster. It must contain the following: Name of your philosopher Image/painting of them Views on human nature Views on government Image representing one of their ideas/views A quote Famous works Information on Enlightenment Thinkers Four Causes of the French Revolution 3. Rise of the Bourgeoisie Emergence of the bourgeoisie - wealthy middle class and well-educated individuals. Some were lawyers, doctors, and business owners who were becoming more powerful in French cities. They were frustrated by being stuck in the third estate and wanted an ending of the financial and political privileges being held by the nobility. Four Causes of the French Revolution 3. Rise of the Bourgeoisie Politically speaking they had less power than the combined power of the First and Second Estate - even though they were more numerous and paid more tax. They were the driving force behind the revolution to come. Much of this wealth came from the Industrial Revolution (began in the 1700s) where a new “wealthy class” of business owners emerged. They would often imitate the aristocracy - e.g. dress like them - but often had more wealth. They are best positioned to become leaders of the Revolution. Why? Four Causes of the French Revolution 4. Economic and Geographic Problems By 1780, it was revealed that France was in economic turmoil Large sums of debt had been accumulated due to lavish spending by the monarchy and the costs of two major wars drained public funds (The Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War) The second estate refused pay new taxes to help fund the state - an even greater tax burden is about to placed on the third estate Four Causes of the French Revolution 4. Economic and Geographic Problems In three weeks of 1775 (late April and May) over 300 riots/attacks broke out across France due to the cost of bread In 1788, just before the revolution, France had an unseasonably cold winter and roads were blocked by snow. The following spring, this caused mass floods. The summer was marked by drought and many crops failed This devastated the population as many could no longer afford bread. Riots began to break out across France “Let them eat cake” - likely not said by Marie Antoinette The Estates General (May 1789) The Estates General Meetings and the National Assembly ○ The King wanted new taxes as the state was in massive debt. The third estate was adamant about not paying more taxes. ○ Each Estate was supposed to meet separately at Versailles to solve the problem - each Estate had equal voting power (the third estate is at a disadvantage) ○ The National Assembly (Third Estate representatives) attempt to meet in the assembly hall; however the door is locked (this is done purposefully by the King to stop them) Tennis Court Oath (June 1789) In response, the National Assembly meets at a nearby indoor tennis court. The individuals present at this oath were from the bourgeoisie. They were elite and wealthy (from the intellectual and business class) They swear the “Tennis Court Oath” which was that they would not disband until they create a new constitution for the nation of France (change its government). Storming of the Bastille (July 1789) Based on rumors that the King would dissolve the National Assembly, riots broke out in Paris In addition, the bourgeoisie found out that the King was bringing in foreign troops - likely to suppress the people On July 14th, the Bastille (fortified prison) was attacked. It was a symbol of royal power and the old regime and contained a valuable weapons cache French Tricolour and Motto Became the symbol/colours of the revolution. They were worn by the Paris militia who attacked the Bastille (not part of the French army - loyal to the national assembly) Blue and red were the traditional colours of Paris White was a traditional colour of France - connection to history Liberté, égalité, fraternité - motto of the revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (August 1789) First action by the National Assembly (those who swore the Tennis Court Oath) It is a bill of rights - possibly the most important human rights document in history Written by Thomas Jefferson and Abbe Sieyès Created a nation of free individuals protected equally under the law Inspired liberal democracies throughout the world (gradually Europe would become more free and democratic - adopting similar rights) Comparing Two Constitutions Compare both the Charter of Rights and Freedoms with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Share answers on a Google Doc. 1. Canada’s Charter is said to be inspired by the Declaration. After viewing both, support this statement with specific evidence. 2. There are some major differences between the two documents. What are some differences? What could account for those differences? Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Charter in Brief New Governments Form Initially, the Revolutionaries attempt a constitutional monarchy (semi-democracy like what Britain had) Many Revolutionaries (especially the radical Jacobins) were committed to a full republic, and eventually get control Attempt to remove Christianity from France ○ Land/property is taken from the Church ○ People arrested for worshiping/resting on Sunday Measurement changes (10 hour day, 100 seconds in a minute, 100 minutes in an hour, 10 months in a year, etc.) Women’s March on Versailles (Oct 1789) Despite the uprising, the food shortage crisis still exists Peasant women take weapons and leave Paris for Versailles. They believe Marie Antoinette is hoarding grain They are able to enter the palace and successfully demand that the King and Queen move to Paris The Flight to Varennes (June 1791) The King and Queen fear for their safety in Paris, so they attempt an escape Their servants dress as nobles and they dress as servants They plan to live in hiding near the Belgian border but are arrested in Varennes and returned to Paris The popularity of republicanism grows in France (a democracy without a monarchy) The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) Those who supported the King (to an extent) sat on the right side of the National Assembly. Those who supported a republic sat on the left (Jacobins) France is declared a republic in 1792 In 1793, Louis XVI was thought to be giving state secrets to Austria He was executed by guillotine, along with his wife, Marie Antoinette, a few months later The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) The death of King was the beginning of what was known as the Reign of Terror The Committee of Public Safety was formed and was led by Maximilien de Robespierre (of the Jacobins) ○ Protect France from enemies (internal and external) ○ Anyone who criticized the revolution was targeted for the guillotine. Targets were supporters of the Church, the nobility, the monarchy, supporters of foreign gov’ts, etc. 300,000 were arrested and 17,000 were executed (10,000 die in prison) The Directory (Government) An unstable, but more moderate phase of the French government Executions are mostly stopped Semi-democratic system, but inefficient and corrupt France engaged in warfare throughout Europe Prices are high and anger against the gov’t is still present Aftermath of the Revolution France is fighting several wars against many European enemies (Prussia, Holy Roman Empire, Britain, etc) at the same time - and winning Pro-monarchist revolt happens in Paris. A general named Napoleon Bonaparte successfully puts it down Is one of three to take power - 3 person consulate. Overthrowing the previous government. He declares himself “First Consul” - 1799 Controls the military - eventually declared himself Emperor Crash Course Summary Napoleon Game - Can you survive the Revolution! Complete the table and calculate your points! Who was Napoleon? Napoleon was from the bourgeoisie and was a student of military tactics He was considered a military genius, and worked his way up from artillery captain He supported the revolution, and its ideals - to an extent His greater concern is his own ambition and power Took advantage of rising nationalism Created the Napoleonic Code - simplified legal code Gives power back to the church, creates a public education system for all students (better schools for nobility) Military Achievements Napoleon wins wars against Austria, Italy, Egypt, etc. Returns home as military hero. The government is in chaos and he is asked to help with a coup d’etat (a power grab by a small group of military commanders) Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France in 1804 He conquers nearly the entire continent of Europe and creates a French Empire Takes advantage of the levee en masse - draft/all citizens fight for the nation (not just a King) Eventually loses to the Duke of Wellington (British) at the Battle of Waterloo The Russian Campaign Complete Case Study on p. 54-55 Complete questions and 1-4 on a Google Doc and share. The French Revolution Why was it so important? This is the first time in history a monarchy overthrown and not replaced by another monarchy. A democracy was created, which inspired other democratic movements in Europe. Human rights are developed in The Declaration of the Rights of Man. For the first time all white men have the right to vote. Ideology is created. People are now able to have different worldviews about how government should be set up (pro-monarchy or pro-democracy) Secularism and France Today Due in part to the dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, the country has had a strong tradition of secularism. Secularism: A way of organizing society and politics that rejects religious influence. Often related to the idea of ‘separation between church and state’. Ban on Religious Symbols Context These bans have come into place after numerous terrorist attacks by extremist Islamic groups (sometimes affiliated with ISIS). A law was passed in 2004 that banned all religious symbols in schools (clothing/building) and further bans were instated in 2021. Religious face coverings are banned in all public spaces and no one working as public servant (gov’t) can display religious symbols. Read the news article - questions on slide 58 https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/246524/french-national-assembly-p asses-anti-extremism-bill-proposing-stricter-rules-for-religion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_France Ban on Religious Symbols 1. Why has France banned these religious symbols? Brainstorm many possible answers/explanations 2. What are some possible arguments against banning these symbols? Explain them. 3. Does the ban fit within the spirit of liberté, égalité, fraternité? Is there anything that supports this law in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen? 4. Look up the word laïcité. Is it possible that France’s preference for this concept could be linked to the Revolution? Explain. Origin of Nationalism in the United States Origin of Nationalism in the United States The American Revolution One defining moment for Americans that helped develop their nationality identity was the Boston Tea Party of 1773. At this time, the British empire was in debt after financing a significant number of wars (Seven Years War - 1756-1763). They looked for ways to increase revenue Origin of Nationalism in the United States In 1773, the British decided to start taxing tea The colonists did not agree and when three ships loaded with tea arrived in Boston, they disguised themselves as American Indigenous People and forced their way onto the ships, dumping tea into the harbour. Origin of Nationalism in the United States At this time, tea was expensive, so British merchants were angry about the loss. This conflict sparks the American Revolution (a war of independence against the British). It also supports their belief of being a freedom-loving people who will not tolerate tyranny. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUiSBXQHCw How could this story have an impact on how the United States views itself as a nation? Journal Entry #2 Canada has no violent revolutionary creation story like the French Revolution or the Boston Tea Party sparking the American Revolution. Does this impact how Canada views itself as a nation? Explain. The French Revolution is often looked at as the beginning of nationalism or when the nation begins to matter for the first time. Explain.