The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe PDF

*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam SHOBHIT NIRWAN's DESIGNED THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE NOTES  French Revolution and the idea of the Nation # Elements that l...

*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam SHOBHIT NIRWAN's DESIGNED THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE NOTES  French Revolution and the idea of the Nation # Elements that led to the development of collective Identity amongst French in France people : ° Adoption of a constitution that gave citizen equal rights. ° Adoption of the new tricolor national flag replacing the former royal standard. 0 Ideas of citizenship (de citoyen) and the fatherland (la Patrie) ° Abolition of internal custom duty goods and free on movement of capital. 0 Adoption of French as the common language. pyo ← 2019 s which nation was identifiable in the tricolour in Sorrier 's : revolutionary utopian vision ? H France 134T 2nd point) -. The first clear expression of nationalism came with french Revolution " ' ' 2017 : in 1789 Explain the statement GT ''.. 2015 : Describe five steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a any sense of collective identity among the French people CST. # ↳ Napoleonic Code OR civil code of 1804 :. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France , but he incorporated revolutionary principal by introducing the civil code of 1804 , which came to be known as Napoleonic code Main features :. Removed all ° ° privileges based on birth Abolished the feudal system. ° Guild system removed. ° Transport and communication system improved. Secured the ° right to property. PYD 2016 : " Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he. had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more " rational and efficient Analyse statement with 15T. the arguments. The Making of Nationalism in Europe These are some important factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe : o Rise of middle class - latin word meaning free. -. I spread of ideology of Liberalism The new spirit of conservatism and the Treaty of Vienna. ° The rise of Revolutionaries # The Aristocracycisand New middle class : ° Aristocracy They owned estates and property : both in countryside and town houses I spoke trench and are numerically small group.  Iii It was also united by a common way of life. ° Peasantry Middle class : cis Majority in number : cis Due to industrialisation social ° , the new groups - a working class and middle class came into being. Ex consists of industrialists , businessmen and professionals they. ( ius It was among the educated , liberal middle class , the idea of national unity gained popularity. # Meaning of liberal Nationalism : o for newmiddle classes gliberis m stood for freedom for individual and equality for all before the law. ° In economic sphere , liberian stood for the freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital. ° Zollverein abolished tariff barriers , reduced no. of currencies to two and promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility. # New conservatism after 1815 : After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815g the spirit of conservatism became strong They. believed that traditional Institutions like the monarchy , the church , social hierarchies , and family should be preserved property -. Treaty of Vienna 4815) : dynasty restored to Bour born way power in france °. o A series of state created on the french boundary for preventing french expansion in future ° German confederation way left untouched. ° Main intension ways to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by napoleon. ° Power which defeated Napo lean collectively were involved in treaty. o New Autocratic Regimes didn't tolerate critBP cm. PII 20148 How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815 ? 1ST Age of Revolutions : 1830 1848 The - # Romantic and National feeling : Imagination O Culture played role in the idea an Important the creating of Nation. ° Art , poetry , stories , music shaped nationalist feelings. ° Romantic artists criticised reason and science ° Emotions , Intuition and mystical feeling were encouraged. Popularised true spirit of nation °. ° Collected local folklore to spread nationalism even illiterates ° Used language to resists foreign dominance. PMT did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? Explain GI centuries? 2015 : How. 20119 Explain three ways in which nationalist feeling were kept alive in Poland in 18M$19tha Culture Played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe " " 2010 :. suppose the statement with Examples GI. # Hunger , Hardship and Revolts : 0 The first half of 19h century saw an enormous increase in population all over the Europe. ° Reduced Jobs. ° Cities overcrowded were. ° Stiff competition between hand made - goods and cheap machine made goods. ° Rise of food prices. o shortage of food. ° Revolt of peasants and weavers revolted. M¥2017 : Describe any three hardships faced by Europe in 1830s 131. The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe? Support the statement " 2016 : with arguments 131. 2019 : explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe 131. # The Revolution of Liberals : 1848 : - with the revolts of the poor , unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Along ° many European countries in the year 1848 , a revolution led by the educated middle classes was also under way. O Jn the parts of Europe where Independent nation-states did not yet exist such as germany , Italy - Poland ete , men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. their demands ° They took advantage of the growing popular unrest all over Europe , to push for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles. The Making of Germany and Italy # Germany : Minister Otto von Bismark with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy took ° on the leadership of the movement for National unification. o Three war over seven years ended in brass fan victory and completed the process of unification. o Kaiser William 2 of Prussia headed the New German Empire. # Italy : divided into ° Italy was seven States of which only Sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely state. Initially by Giuseppe Garibaldi unification programme initiated ° a was. ° Victor Emmanuel I was proclaimed king of united Italy In 1861. o Garibaldi was also helped by Cavour and Mazzini. Large Part of Italy was illiterate. PH 2019 Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the making of Germany :. GI 2012 Describe the process of Unification of Italy ' GI ' :.  Visualizing the Nation Artists in the l 8th and I 9th out by personifying nation century found a way. Nations were then portrayed as female figures The female form that was chosen. to personify the nation did not stand for in real life The female any particular women. figure became an allegory of the nation In france , the female allegory was christened. Marianne and Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Nationalism and Imperialism # Balkans : The source of Nationalist Tension in Europe after 1871 :- ° It was too a region of geographical and ethnic variations. 0 It was inhabited by slaves and under control of Ottoman Empire. ° Ideas of nationalism swept over entire Balkan region. One nationalities declared their independence through struggles ° by one different. it ° It later became one of the causes of 1st World War. PIA 2018 : Describe the explosive conditions prevailing in Balkans after 1871 in Europe. SOME MORE IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS :# → Frideric of Soori eu's vision World °o° In 1848, Frederic , afrench artist , prepared a series of four prints visualise his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics ! ' Png o first point of series , shows the peoples of Europe and America men and - and social classes marching in a women of all ages train , and - long offering homage to the statue of liberty. Statue of liberty the torch too bears englighten meat in hand and the charter of ° one the Rights of Man in the other 0 People of world are grouped distinct nations g in sorriness utopian vision as. End result was emergence of nation-state °. # Giuseppe Mazzini of The secret societies : Italian member of secret society of Carbonari 0 He was an revolutionary who became a. sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria ° He was. ° He founded two more underground societies - Young Italy Marseilles & in Europe Young in Berne. 0 He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic ,. ° Metternich described him as the most dangerous enemy of social order ! ' # Revolution in Greece : o Greece which had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since I5th century struggled , for independence  Nationalist in Greece got support from western European artists , poets and Greeks ° that lived out of greece. ° finally , the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. # Unification of Britain : o The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such - as English g Welsh g Scot and Irish. ° But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth , importance and power , it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of islands. Act of Union 4707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United ' ° Kingdom of Great Britain meant g in effect , that England was able to impose its ' influence on Scotland. Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national ° dress. A new ' British nation was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture ' °. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE Q1. Which of the treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation? [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] Q2. Who was called as the architect of Germany's unification? [1M, 2020] Q3. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. [1M, 2016] Q4. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848? [1M, 2016] Q5. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? [1M, 2016] Q6. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? [1M, 2016] Q7. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? [1M, 2016] Q8. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe? [1M, 2015] Q9. Explain the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] Q10. "Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation".Explain. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] Q11. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s [3M, 2017] Q12. Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2015] Q13. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse. [3M, 2016] Q14. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. [3M, 2015, 2013] Q15. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe. [3M, 2014] Q16. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain [3M, 2014] Q17. Explain any three causes of conflict in the 'Balkan area' after 1871. [3M, 2011] Q18. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. [3M, 2011] Q19. "Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Support the statement. [5M, 2016, 2014, 2012] Q20. Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s. [5M, 2016, 2013, 2011] Q21. Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [5M, 2016, 2015, 2012] Q22. Describe the process of unification of Germany. [5M, 2015, 2013, 2012] Q23. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples. [5M, 2014] Q24. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the 'nation' in Europe? Explain with examples. [5M, 2013] Q25. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere. [5M, 2011] ANSWERS Ans1. Treaty of Constantinople Ans2. Otto Von Bismarck Ans3. Treaty of 1832: Constantinople Ans4. The Greek War of Independence in 1821. Ans5. The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchical forms of government. Ans6. Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871. Ans7. Victor Emmanuel-Il Ans8. It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. Ans9. (i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (ii) A new French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard. (iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. Ans10. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states (ii) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. (iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel Il was proclaimed King of United Italy. Ans11. Economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were: Increase in population. Unemployment, migration and price rise. Stiff competition in the market. Bad condition of peasants. (Any three) Ans12. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as: 1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. 3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Ans13. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. In France, she was named Marianne, a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic-the red cap, the tricolour and cockade. Ans14. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism. (i) Culture :Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition. (ii) Language :Language too played an important role In developing nationalist sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (ill) Music and Dance Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. Ans15. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital. 1. But in the 19th century Napoleon's administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and measures. 2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers and pay 5% duty at each one of them. 3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming calculations. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free movement of goods, people and capital. Ans16. The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes. Ans17. The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the following reasons: Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire. After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, the region became very explosive. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others. Ans18. The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom One such prominent revolutionary was "Giuseppe Mazzini", an Italian revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part in the struggle for freedom. Ele strongly believed in the unification of Italy as a single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic republic frightened the Conservatives. His ideas also influenced the revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Ans19. Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order ton make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic Code. 1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality before law and securing the right to property. 2. Administrative divisions were simplified. 3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords). 4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed. 5. Transport and communication systems were improved. Ans20. Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s: 1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. 2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as populations from the rural areas migrated to the cities. 3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production. 4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. 5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants. Ans21. The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch. When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tricolour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as: 1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. 3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Ans22. Unification of Germany: In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers. (i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament. (ii) In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an All German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the Frankfurt Assembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor. (ii) The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the 'Junkers'. (iv) Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was completed as a result of Prussia's victory over France. (v) Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly of princes of German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor. Ans23. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. 1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. 2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. 3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Geneva in 1807. He was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into exile. 4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany. 5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Ans24. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism. (i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition. (ii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. In France, she was named Marianne-a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. (iii) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (iv) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized. Ans25. Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Lour ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are: 1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction. For example, Napoleon's administration was a confederation of 29 states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange. 2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. 3. In 1834, a customs union or " zollverein" was formed. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2. 4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interest to national unification.