Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders PDF

Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders  Chapter Objectives (1 of 4) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 13.01 Define a mental health disorder and identify and apply the criteria that psychologists use for determining dysfunctional behavior. 13.02 Indicate the lifeti...

Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders  Chapter Objectives (1 of 4) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 13.01 Define a mental health disorder and identify and apply the criteria that psychologists use for determining dysfunctional behavior. 13.02 Indicate the lifetime and annual prevalence rates of mental health disorders by development, gender, and ethnicity. 13.03 Compare and contrast the varying perspectives on explaining mental health disorders including the biopsychosocial perspective. 13.04 Identify the structure of the DSM model, and explain the research on its strengths and weaknesses.  Chapter Objectives (2 of 4) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 13.05 Describe the components of excessive anxiety and distinguish among the symptoms of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders. 13.06 Discuss research on the biopsychosocial factors that contribute to anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders. 13.07 Distinguish among the symptoms of the various dissociative disorders, and describe their link to stressful or traumatic events. 13.08 Distinguish among the symptoms of the various somatic symptom and related disorders, and discuss their link to health anxiety.  Chapter Objectives (3 of 4) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 13.09 Distinguish between the symptoms of the depressive and bipolar disorders. 13.10 Describe common misconceptions that people hold about suicide. 13.11 Discuss research on the biopsychosocial factors that play a role in depressive and bipolar disorders. 13.12 Explain the role of biopsychosocial factors in women’s higher vulnerability to depression.  Chapter Objectives (4 of 4) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 13.13 Describe the typical onset and prognosis for schizophrenia and its variation by age, gender, social class, and ethnicity. 13.14 Identify and discriminate among the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 13.15 Discuss the research on our current understanding of the causes of schizophrenia. 13.16 Discriminate among the different types of personality disorders.  Section 13.1 What Is a Mental Health Disorder?  Defining Mental Health Disorders A dysfunction in thinking (cognition), emotions, and/or social behavior that impairs functioning and is not culturally expected. Violates social and cultural norms of how people are supposed to behave. Causes personal distress to the individual or those around them. Creates dysfunction, and interferes with a person’s ability to function in everyday life.  Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders A leading cause of disability worldwide. Females more likely to have both any mental health disorder and a serious mental health disorder. Data shows 22% of U.S. teens are likely to experience a mental health disorder with severe impairment or distress. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Antisocial Personality Disorder in Women and Men  Psychological Theories: Internal and External Influences (1 of 2) The medical model: Biological theories include imbalance in hormones or neurotransmitters, or some brain or bodily dysfunction. Psychoanalytic perspective: Attributes mental health disorders to unresolved unconscious conflict. Social learning perspective: Attributes difficulty in functioning to learning processes such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.  Psychological Theories: Internal and External Influences (2 of 2) Cognitive perspective: Thoughts, expectations, assumptions, and other mental processes in mental health disorders. Humanistic perspective: Considers mental health disorders as resulting from a distorted perception of the self and reality. Sociocultural models: Focus on the contextual situations and conditions that can lead people to unhealthy psychological functioning. Biopsychosocial model: Integrates all and considers the simultaneous effect of many influences.  Section 13.2 The DSM Model for Classifying Abnormal Behavior  The Structure of the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Lists the diagnostic criteria for almost 300 mental health disorders. Lists 20 major categories of mental health disorders. Excludes how to treat disorders. Atheoretical position underscores the complex biopsychosocial nature of the causes of mental illness.  How Good Is the DSM Model? The reliability and validity for many of the diagnostic categories have improved. DSM does not guarantee accurate diagnosis. Diagnosis usually involves subjectivity and personal bias. Symptoms may be listed as part of several disorders. Negative effects of labeling may serve as a self-fulfilling prophecy and create a social stigma.  Section 13.3 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma-Related Disorders: It’s Not Just “Nerves”  Components of Excessive Anxiety Chronic disruptive worry, fear, or apprehension culturally unexpected, involving three different areas of symptoms: Cognitive Emotional Behavioral Worry Dread Escaping or fleeing Fear of losing control Terror Behaving aggressively Exaggerating danger Panic of a situation Freezing or avoiding Irritability situations in the Paranoia future Restlessness Wary and watchful Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Types of Excessive Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobias Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Hoarding Trauma-related disorders Research Explaining Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma-Related Disorders Biological factors Psychological factors Sociocultural factors Neurotransmitters Cognitive processes The influence of and genetic factors and learning (notably poverty, sex and have been identified. classical and operant gender, race and conditioning and ethnicity, and other Specific brain areas modeling). cultural factors on have been identified anxiety. as showing abnormal structure or activity. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Section 13.4 Dissociative and Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Other Forms of Anxiety?  Dissociative Disorders: Loss of Self-Awareness Involve a loss of awareness of some part of our self, our surroundings, or what is going on around us. Mild dissociative experiences are common. Dissociative identity disorder (DID): Involves the existence of two or more separate identities in the same individual. Each “alter” appears to have a specific function. Frequent blackouts or episodes of amnesia are common in people with dissociative identity disorder. The majority of people diagnosed with DID are women.  Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: “Doctor, I’m Sure I’m Sick” Somatic symptom disorders (and their related diagnoses): Occur when physical symptoms appear that have no identifiable physical cause. Illness anxiety disorder: Ongoing worry and fear about having or developing a physical illness. Previously referred to as hypochondriasis. Some people with illness anxiety disorder constantly visit physicians, while others believe they are ill but refuse to do so.  Section 13.5 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: A Change in Mood  Major Depressive Disorder Extended periods of intense sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of ability to take pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. Physical symptoms: sleep patterns, appetite, and motor functioning changes, fatigue or loss of energy. Cognitive symptoms: inability to concentrate, worthlessness or guilt, thoughts of suicide. Persistent depressive disorder (formerly called dysthymic disorder): less severe but long-lasting.  Individual Variations in Depressions Depressive disorders: A commonly diagnosed psychological condition. Often severe enough to warrant significant therapeutic intervention. Related to age, gender, and ethnicity. People aged 15 to 24 at high risk for major depressive episode. Adults aged 60 or older have the lowest rates of major depressive episodes. Women 2x as likely to experience both mild and more severe depression.  Bipolar-Related Disorders: The Presence of Mania Bipolar disorder: shift in mood between two states, or poles. One shifts is to a depressed state, with symptoms similar to those of major depressive disorder. One shifts to a “high” or euphoric state, called mania, which. involves a persistently elevated mood and increased activity or energy. Cyclothymic disorder is a less severe but more chronic form of bipolar disorder, where a person alternates between milder periods of mania and more moderate depression for at least 2 years.  Biological Factors: Genes, Neurotransmitters, Stress Hormones, and Brain Structures (1 of 2) Genes Neurotransmitters Stress hormones Depression and Malfunctioning Hormones regulate bipolar disorders neurotransmitters, sleep, appetite, runs in families. serotonin and sexual desire, and norepinephrine. pleasure. Specific genes are likely related to these Symptoms of conditions. depression relate to these bodily functions. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Biological Factors: Genes, Neurotransmitters, Stress Hormones, and Brain Structures (2 of 2) Brain structures abnormalities linked to depression, according to research: Depression linked to abnormal functioning of the prefrontal cortex and limbic system. Connections between the cortex and the limbic system may be associated with depressive symptoms. Dysfunction in subgenual cingulate, also known as Brodmann’s area 25, is related to depression, according to research  Psychological Factors: Early Adverse Life Events, Learned Helplessness, and Negative Thinking Early adverse life Learned events helplessness Negative thinking Theory suggests that Involves the belief Ruminative coping depression is linked that you cannot style: focusing on to unresolved control the outcome how one feels childhood issues. of events or what is without attempting to going to happen. do anything about Results in self-blame, one’s feelings. self-hatred, and other symptoms of Cognitive distortions: depression. Negative thinking errors Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  Gender and Depression Biopsychosocial forces that are unique to women may explain their higher vulnerability to depressive disorders. Genetic risk appears stronger in women than in men. Estrogen and progesterone levels may influence the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, which play a central role in mood. Females are more likely than males to engage in a ruminative coping style. Women are more likely to have an interpersonal orientation that puts them at risk for depression. Women are at a disadvantage in society.  Section 13.6 Schizophrenia: Disintegration  Individual Variations: Onset, Gender, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Prognosis Schizophrenia: A severe mental health disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior. Typically appears in the late teens or early adult years. The onset is typically somewhat later in women than in men. Most people with this condition can receive effective treatments that significantly reduce symptoms and improve overall functioning.  Symptoms of Schizophrenia Positive symptoms Negative symptoms or or Pathological excesses: Deficits: Delusions Affect Hallucinations Alogia Disorganized speech Avolition Disordered behaviors  A Strong Genetic Factor Those genetically similar to someone with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder. Unlikely a single gene is responsible for the disorder; if it were, the heritability rates would be higher. Risk of Schizophrenia and Genetic Relatedness  The Brain: Neurotransmitters and Structural Abnormalities Dopamine and glutamate: key neurobiology underlying schizophrenia, according to theories. Enlarged ventricles: most consistent abnormality in people with schizophrenia. 3-D Magnetic Resonance Image of the Brain of a Person with Schizophrenia  Section 13.7 Personality Disorders: Maladaptive Patterns of Behaviour  Antisocial Personality Disorder Maladaptive behaviors: stable over a long period and across many situations. Diagnostic clusters: Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Disorders - paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders - borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, and histrionic personality disorders. Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Disorders - dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and avoidant personality disorders.  Antisocial Personality Disorder: Impulsive and Dangerous Impulsive behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and the norms and rules of society. “Antisocial” does not equate with wanting to be separated from others. Manipulation and using others for their own benefit. Lacks empathy for the harm that they cause others. Focuses almost entirely on their own needs and desires. History of harmful or aggressive behaviors going back to childhood.  Borderline Personality Disorder: Living on Your Fault Line Unstable moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. Moods disrupt a person’s relationships, career, and identity. Intense anger, depression, or anxiety may occur for hours or for days. Extreme insecurity and exaggerated feelings of importance at other times. Borderline personalities lack a clear definition of themselves, prompting changes in goals, jobs, friendships, and values.  Section 13.8 Integrating Psychology: The Big Picture  The Big Picture: Consciousness Onset of mental disorders triggered by combination of biological vulnerability psychological and sociocultural factors. People with mental health disorders seek help in the form of therapy.  Summary (1 of 4) Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to: Define a mental health disorder and identify and apply the criteria that psychologists use for determining dysfunctional behavior. Indicate the lifetime and annual prevalence rates of mental health disorders by development, gender, and ethnicity. Compare and contrast the varying perspectives on explaining mental health disorders including the biopsychosocial perspective. Identify the structure of the DSM model, and explain the research on its strengths and weaknesses.  Summary (2 of 4) Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to: Describe the components of excessive anxiety and distinguish among the symptoms of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders. Discuss research on the biopsychosocial factors that contribute to anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders. Distinguish among the symptoms of the various dissociative disorders, and describe their link to stressful or traumatic events. Distinguish among the symptoms of the various somatic symptom and related disorders, and discuss their link to health anxiety.  Summary (3 of 4) Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to: Distinguish between the symptoms of the depressive and bipolar disorders. Describe common misconceptions that people hold about suicide. Discuss research on the biopsychosocial factors that play a role in depressive and bipolar disorders. Explain the role of biopsychosocial factors in women’s higher vulnerability to depression.  Summary (4 of 4) Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to: Describe the typical onset and prognosis for schizophrenia and its variation by age, gender, social class, and ethnicity. Identify and discriminate among the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Discuss the research on our current understanding of the causes of schizophrenia. Discriminate among the different types of personality disorders.