Animal Physiology Chapter 13 Synapses PDF

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 13: Synapses TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. A s...

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 13: Synapses TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. A specialized site of contact of one neuron with another neuron (or effector) is known as a a. neuron. b. receptor–neurotransmitter complex. c. membrane. d. synapse. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. Which of the following transmits information the fastest? a. Ionotropic EPSP b. Metabotropic IPSP c. Electrical synapse d. Fast EPSP Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 3. In an electrical synapse, the main structure responsible for transmission of an impulse from one cell to the next is a. any generic activating neurotransmitter. b. acetylcholine. c. the gap junction. d. the cell membrane. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. Which structure is associated with signal transmission in an electrical synapse? a. Postsynaptic densities b. Synaptic vesicles c. Neurotransmitters d. Connexons © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. Which protein is most uniquely associated with a metabotropic receptor? a. Neurotransmitter b. Second messenger c. Ligand-gated receptor d. Voltage-gated receptor Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. In chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released by a. facilitated diffusion. b. calcium-dependent exocytosis. c. active transport. d. vesicular cycling. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Ultimately, it is the _______ that determines whether the postsynaptic membrane produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) or an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). a. frequency of action potentials b. movement of ions c. neurotransmitter d. receptor’s affinity for the neurotransmitter Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Potentials Control Neuronal Excitability Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. Two sets of axons carry stimuli near the axonal hillock. One set produces an IPSP and the other set produces an EPSP. If both sets produce action potentials at the same time, what is the likely effect at the axonal hillock? a. There will be a hyperpolarization. b. There will be a depolarization. c. An action potential will be produced. d. The potentials created will cancel each other out. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Synaptic Potentials Control Neuronal Excitability Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 9. Where is depolarizing temporal summation occurring? a. I b. II c. III d. IV Answer: a Textbook Reference: Synaptic Potentials Control Neuronal Excitability Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 10. Where is hyperpolarizing spatial summation occurring? a. I b. II c. III d. IV Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Potentials Control Neuronal Excitability Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 11. The _______ is the flow of ions through all the channels that open in response to release of a neurotransmitter. a. postsynaptic potential b. synaptic current c. action potential d. voltage Answer: b Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 12. Once acetylcholine is released into the synapse it a. is actively pumped back into the presynaptic neuron. b. crosses the postsynaptic membrane and then is broken down inside that cell. c. is inactivated by calcium. d. is broken down by acetylcholinesterase. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 13. During an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, the postsynaptic membrane a. increases in permeability to K+. b. increases in permeability to Na+. c. decreases in permeability to Cl–. d. increases in permeability to Ca2+. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 14. What is occurring at IV? a. Depolarization © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. Hyperpolarization c. An action potential d. Muscle contraction Answer: a Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 15. What is entering the cell at III? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Ca2+ d. Serotonin Answer: c Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 16. What is occurring at I? a. Calcium is being pumped. b. A second messenger system is being activated. c. Acetylcholine is being broken down. d. Acetylcholine is attaching to a receptor. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 17. What is the best description of II? a. Na+, which just entered the cell, is now being transported deep into the muscle. b. Ca2+ leaks into channels causing depolarization. c. Acetylcholine binds to and opens ligand-gated channels. d. Muscle fiber action potential. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 18. Which statement regarding postsynaptic potentials is true? a. In a neuromuscular synapse, the main neurotransmitter is glutamate. b. In a CNS neural synapse, serotonin produces an IPSP. c. In a CNS neural synapse, K+ is the main ion producing the EPSP. d. In a neuromuscular synapse, Na+ is the main ion producing the EPSP. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 19. Fast IPSPs result mainly from a(n) _______ in permeability to _______. a. decrease; Na+ b. increase; Cl– c. increase; K+ d. increase; Na+ Answer: b Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. What is a miniature EPSP (mEPSP)? a. The movement of Na+ across the postsynaptic membrane b. The diffusion of a neurotransmitter across the synapse c. A depolarization caused by the release of a neurotransmitter from several synaptic vesicles d. The postsynaptic response to the release of the contents of one synaptic vesicle Answer: d Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 21. A quantum is a a. count of the number of acetylcholine molecules in a vesicle. b. measure of the total amount of acetylcholine released into the synapse. c. measure of the stored acetylcholine in the presynaptic terminal. d. the number of vesicles in the synapse. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 22. How were extracellular ion concentrations manipulated in the experiments supporting the theory of quantal release of neurotransmitters? a. Ca2+ was increased in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles. b. Ca2+ was absent in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release no vesicles. c. Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release few vesicles. d. Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 23. How do we account for the two hypotheses of vesicular fusion and retrieval? a. There is more experimental support for the classical pathway of neurotransmitter release. b. There was very little support for the classical pathway of neurotransmitter release, therefore the kiss-and-run pathway is currently the favored pathway. c. Both pathways are portions of a larger pathway and therefore there should be one hypothesis. d. The kiss-and-run pathway is likely used at lower rates of neurotransmitter release while the classical pathway predominates at higher rates of neurotransmitter release. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 24. Which statement best describes the fusion process in exocytotic release of neurotransmitter? a. v-SNARE proteins attach to t-SNARE proteins. b. Synapsin detaches the vesicle from the cytoskeleton. c. Dynamin interacts with clathrin. d. Calcium interacts with synaptotagmin. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 25. Which statement regarding the mechanism of vesicular docking and release is false? a. Targeted vesicles move to active zones where they attach reversibly. b. Docking is mediated by the formation of a SNARE complex. c. The v-SNAREs and t-SNARES interact to hold the vesicle at the release site. d. Fusion is triggered by the binding of Ca2+ to syntaxin. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 26. Which neurotransmitter elicits responses of both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors? a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. Glutamate d. Both acetylcholine and glutamate Answer: d Textbook Reference: Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 27. The enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase synthesizes what neurotransmitter? a. Acetylcholine b. Serotonin c. Dopamine d. Norepinephrine Answer: b Textbook Reference: Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 28. The major excitatory neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter in a moth is a. acetylcholine. b. glutamate. c. glycine. d. GABA. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 29. Which statement regarding neurotransmitters is true? a. Small-molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized mainly in the nucleus. b. Small-molecule neurotransmitters are contained in large dense-cored vesicles. c. Neuropeptides are synthesized at the axon terminal. d. The inactivation of small molecule neurotransmitters can occur via reuptake or via enzymes. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 30. How does the acetylcholine receptor respond to prolonged exposure to acetylcholine? a. The receptor will flicker, and the rate of flickering will increase. b. Acetylcholine will no longer be able to bind to the receptor. c. Acetylcholine will remain bound to the receptor, and the channel will remain open indefinitely. d. Acetylcholine will remain bound to the receptor, but the channel will close. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 31. Which statement regarding the ligand-gated channel at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction is false? a. It binds acetylcholine. b. K+ travels through this channel when it is open. c. Two acetylcholine molecules need to bind to the intracellular side of the receptor. d. When the channel opens, ions depolarize the membrane. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 32. What technique is being used to collect the data presented? a. Voltage clamp b. Ion flux c. Stimulation d. Patch clamp Answer: d Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 33. What is the principal ion that is moving? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Ca2+ d. Cl– Answer: a Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 34. Which statement best describes what is occurring in the bottom panel? a. More electrical stimulation is occurring on the voltage-gated channels, therefore, they open with more frequency. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. The increased concentration of acetylcholine eventually overwhelms the receptors, and the bottom panel represents what will happen just before they remain open permanently. c. Because the channels are staying open longer due to increased acetylcholine concentration, K+ begins to move in significant quantities. d. In this section of membrane, there are two acetylcholine channels that, in the presence of increasing neurotransmitter concentration, have an increasing probability of being open at the same time. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 35. Which statement best reflects the evolutionary history of the ligand-gated channel? a. The sequence homology of the ligand-gated receptors is similar to that of voltage-gated receptors. b. Ligand-gated channels have had a minimum of three independent appearances in evolutionary history. c. Ligand-gated channels in the neuromuscular junction are evolutionarily distinct from ligand-gated channels in the brain. d. Most kinds of ligand-gated channels appear to have evolved from a common ancestor. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 36. How does the G protein activate adenylyl cyclase? a. The G protein mediates the release of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which activates adenylyl cyclase. b. The G protein activates various second messengers, which all activate pathways that activate adenylyl cyclase. c. The α subunit of the G protein, with GTP, diffuses laterally in the membrane and binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase. d. The G protein causes a depolarization, which activates adenylyl cyclase. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Slow, Metabotropic Actions: G Protein– Coupled Receptors Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 37. Which response is not directly mediated by a G protein? a. Activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase b. Opening of a K+ channel c. Activating adenylyl cyclase d. Activating phospholipase C Answer: a Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Slow, Metabotropic Actions: G Protein– Coupled Receptors © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 38. Which second messenger acts directly to mediate the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum? a. Diacylglycerol (DAG) b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3) c. Calmodulin d. Phospholipase C Answer: b Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Slow, Metabotropic Actions: G Protein– Coupled Receptors Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 39. When a superior cervical ganglion is heavily stimulated, how does it keep from running out of acetylcholine? a. Presynaptic inhibition occurs to conserve the acetylcholine. b. Acetylcholinesterase is inhibited by the increased amount of acetylcholine. c. More acetylcholine is created via second messenger systems. d. More choline is produced in the cleft and taken back up into the cell to create more acetylcholine. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 40. Antidepressants, such as Prozac, work by a. upregulating the production of serotonin. b. stimulating serotonin receptors. c. inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. d. increasing the number of serotonin receptors. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 41. Which of the following would not be considered synaptic plasticity? a. Altering the amount of calcium entering the cell at the presynaptic terminus b. Increasing the amount of neurotransmitter released from an action potential c. Increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane d. Reducing voltage gated Na+ channels on the neuron Answer: d Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 42. The primary site of behavioral plasticity is at the _______ synapse. a. head-to-motor neuron b. sensory-to-motor neuron c. skin-to-sensory neuron d. motor neuron-to-gill Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 43. Which mechanism explains Panel 1? a. At the synapse, the neurotransmitter changes function. b. The amount of neurotransmitter per presynaptic impulse changes. c. Receptor density on the postsynaptic membrane changes. d. The frequency of action potentials increases. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 44. What are the best titles for Panel 1 and Panel 2? a. Panel 1 = Motor-neuron EPSP; Panel 2 = Gill withdrawal b. Panel 1 = Skin PSP; Panel 2 = Gill contraction c. Panel 1 = Synapse EPSP; Panel 2 = Head EPSP d. Panel 1 = Synapse EPSP; Panel 2 = Gill contraction Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 45. Which statement best describes the mechanism of sensitization? a. Protein kinase dephosphorylates Ca2+ channels and decreases the Ca2+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx. b. Protein kinase phosphorylates K+ channels and decreases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx. c. Protein kinase dephosphorylates K+ channels and increases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx. d. Protein kinase phosphorylates Na+ channels and decreases the Na+ current that normally activates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 46. Long-term potentiation has been extensively studied in the a. hippocampus. b. hypothalamus. c. neuromuscular junction. d. cerebellum. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 47. Which occurrence in the synapse is not likely to be involved in the formation of long- term memories? a. Increase in AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane b. NMDA receptors mediate increases in intracellular Ca2+ c. Long-lasting neurotransmitter release d. Lengthening of dendritic spines e. Growth of new dendritic spines Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 48. Which statement best describes long-term potentiation? a. Increased synaptic response occurs with increased numbers of AMPA receptors. b. Increased synaptic response occurs with increased numbers of NMDA receptors. c. A massive amount of glutamate releases Mg2+ from the NMDA receptor. d. A massive amount of glutamate releases Mg2+ from the AMPA receptor. Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 49. Which statement best describes of the mechanistic uniqueness of the Doogie mouse strain? a. They have longer-opening NMDA receptors compared to standard lab mice. b. They produce more neurotransmitters than standard lab mice. c. They produce more action potentials per second than standard lab mice. d. They have a better long-term memory than standard lab mice. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Short Answer 1. Compare and contrast electrical synapses with chemical synapses, including advantages and disadvantages for each. Answer: Both electrical and chemical synapses can rapidly change the membrane potential of a postsynaptic cell. In electrical synapses, there is a direct electrical coupling that allows current to flow between cells with only negligible delay. While this provides a speed and synchronization advantage, there is low plasticity and directionality within these synapses. In chemical synapses, on the other hand, a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter, which diffuses across a synapse and binds to the postsynaptic receptor, causing a postsynaptic potential. While generally slower than the electrical synapse, the advantage of chemical synapses is their high plasticity, which gives them the ability to integrate neuronal functions. Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Answer: Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors are both found on the postsynaptic membrane of a chemical synapse and respond to the binding of a neurotransmitter. When bound to a neurotransmitter, ionotropic receptors directly alter permeability to ions, whereas metabotropic receptors trigger a signaling cascade of second messengers. Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. If Na+ and K+ move in opposite directions through the acetylcholine receptor (which has similar permeability to both ions) when it is bound to acetylcholine, why is there an overall depolarization instead of no change in the membrane potential? Answer: Although the acetylcholine channel has similar permeabilities to Na+ and K+, most of the synaptic current underlying the EPSP is created by Na+ movement. This is © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. because the driving force for Na+ to enter the cell is far greater than the driving force for K+ to leave the cell. Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. Explain why it is the receptor and not the neurotransmitter that determines whether the postsynaptic membrane produces an EPSP or an IPSP. Answer: Whether the PSP is excitatory or inhibitory depends on what kinds of ions flow through the ion channels when the channels open. A particular neurotransmitter can act at different receptors, and they may produce similar effects or different effects. Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 5. Briefly describe the mechanism of docking and fusion in the release of neurotransmitters. Answer: Docking is mediated by the formation of a SNARE complex; the v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs interact to hold the vesicle at the release site. Following priming, Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels triggers fusion by the binding of Ca2+ to the vesicular protein synaptotagmin. The Ca2+–synaptotagmin complex changes conformation to fuse the vesicular and terminal membranes. Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. Why were the terms nicotinic and muscarinic both used as names for the acetylcholine receptor? Answer: The two types of acetylcholine receptors were first characterized many years ago by their pharmacological response. The acetylcholine receptor in skeletal muscle is stimulated by nicotine and was hence named a nicotinic receptor. The acetylcholine receptor on the heart muscle is stimulated by muscarine and was thus named a muscarinic receptor. Textbook Reference: Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Briefly explain the patch clamp technique and why it is important. Answer: The patch clamp technique uses a fine glass microelectrode, sealed to the membrane with suction. The patch of membrane is then pulled from the cell, and the researcher is then able to alter the solution on either side of the membrane, as well as measure the receptor channel current. Because of its small size, researchers are able to measure the current on isolated receptors, which has been invaluable in advancing the field of receptor physiology and pharmacology. Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 8. How do most second messengers go on to affect the membrane potential? Answer: Most second messengers activate protein kinases, which phosphorylate proteins, such as ion channels, and change their permeability, which then alters the membrane potential. Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Slow, Metabotropic Actions: G Protein– Coupled Receptors Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. In two sentences, explain the overall mechanism of presynaptic facilitation (sensitization) in Aplysia. Answer: Serotonin acts via a G protein to upregulate cAMP, which activates cAMP- dependent protein kinases to phosphorylate the K+ channel. This leads to a decrease in the repolarizing K+ current, allowing Ca2+ channels to stay open longer, mediating a greater release of neurotransmitter per action potential. Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. List three specific changes in the synapse that would be categorized as synaptic plasticity. Answer: a) Number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane b) Amount of neurotransmitter released per action potential c) The effectiveness of the uptake or breakdown of the neurotransmitter once released into the synapse Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Which substance is most directly responsible for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles? a. Na+ b. Acetylcholine c. K+ d. Ca2+ Answer: d Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. Which statement regarding chemical synapses is true? a. Chemical synapses are only excitatory. b. Chemical synapses transmit information in two directions. c. Chemical synapses have high plasticity. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. Pre- and postsynaptic currents are always similar. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. What effect would injecting a leg muscle with a drug that binds to and disables acetylcholinesterase have on that leg? a. Delayed paralysis b. Immediate tetany c. Tetany once the leg muscle was contracted d. Paralysis once the leg muscle was contracted Answer: c Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 4. Ligand-gated channels on the postsynaptic membrane open and K+ and Na+ both move through these channels in opposite directions. Why then do we measure depolarization on the postsynaptic membrane? a. Na+ has a much stronger driving force into the cell. b. K+ has a much stronger driving force into the cell. c. Na+ has a much stronger driving force out of the cell. d. K+ has a much stronger driving force out of the cell. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 5. The main ion responsible for the EPSP is a. Na+. b. K+. c. Cl–. d. Ca2+. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. The limiting factor in the synthesis of acetylcholine is the speed at which a. acetyl groups are formed. b. vesicles are formed. c. choline is recycled. d. vesicles release choline. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. The protein responsible for triggering the actual release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is a. synaptotagmin. b. SNARE. c. dynamin. d. sytaxin. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quantal Packets Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 8. Epinephrine is a. excitatory. b. inhibitory. c. simultaneously excitatory and inhibitory. d. either excitatory or inhibitory. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Which statement regarding vertebrate neurotransmitters is true? a. Most synapses (numerically) in the CNS use peptide neurotransmitters. b. In the CNS, many receptors for biogenic amines mediate fast ionic responses. c. Biogenic amines are found in almost all neurons in the CNS. d. A neuroactive peptide may be co-released with one or more small-molecule neurotransmitters and may function as a cotransmitter. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 10. Which statement regarding metabotropic receptors is true? a. They can directly open or close ion channels. b. They always activate a G protein. c. They use no second messengers. d. They mediate membrane voltage changes via slow postsynaptic potentials. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. Which statement about the neuromuscular junction acetylcholine (Ach) receptor is false? a. The probability an ACh channel will open depends on ACh concentration. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. The synaptic current is the sum of the net ionic currents through all activated ACh receptors. c. The opening of the ACh receptor is all-or-none. d. The probability that an ACh channel will open depends on membrane voltage. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast Ionotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 12. Which protein cannot contact a G protein directly? a. Protein kinase C b. Potassium channel c. Phospholipase C d. Adenylyl cyclase Answer: a Textbook Reference: Postsynaptic Receptors for Slow, Metabotropic Actions: G Protein– Coupled Receptors Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. During presynaptic inhibition, a(n) a. metabotropic response reduces the number of action potentials reaching the synapse. b. metabotropic response reduces the amount of calcium entering the nerve terminus. c. ionotropic response reduces the number of action potentials reaching the synapse. d. ionotropic response reduces the amount of calcium entering the nerve terminus. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 14. How often does a neuron’s output equal its input? a. All the time b. Most of the time c. Seldom d. Never Answer: d Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 15. What is the relationship between synaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization? a. Synaptic facilitation is a short term response and behavioral sensitization is a long term response. b. Synaptic facilitation is related to the sensory system and behavioral sensitization is related to the motor system. c. Synaptic facilitation underlies behavioral sensitization. d. They are both fundamentally the same thing. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 16. In Aplysia, the result of sensitization at the synapse is a(n) a. decrease in the amount of neurotransmitter per impulse. b. increase in the number of impulses per second. c. increase in the amount of neurotransmitter per impulse. d. decrease in the number of impulses per second. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 17. What is the mechanistic explanation for sensitization? a. Increase in sodium flux b. Increase in potassium flux c. Decrease in potassium flux d. Increase in calcium flux Answer: d Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 18. Calmodulin binds to _______ and becomes activated. a. G protein b. Ca2+ c. protein kinase C d. adenylyl cyclase Answer: b Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 19. The induction of long-term potentiation occurs in the a. presynaptic neuron. b. synapse. c. postsynaptic neuron. d. motor neuron. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. Which statement best describes long-term potentiation? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. More sodium entering the postsynaptic membrane per presynaptic action potential b. More neurotransmitter released per action potential c. More action potentials sent per second d. More calcium released per action potential Answer: a Textbook Reference: Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.