Character Formation 2 PDF

CHARACTER FORMATION 2 LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION SHAIRA D. MERCADO RCRIM CHAPTER 1 -Understanding Self Leadership SELF-CONCEPT -Self concept is how we become aware of our behaviors, abilities and unique characteristics. It is how someone thinks about, evaluates...

CHARACTER FORMATION 2 LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION SHAIRA D. MERCADO RCRIM CHAPTER 1 -Understanding Self Leadership SELF-CONCEPT -Self concept is how we become aware of our behaviors, abilities and unique characteristics. It is how someone thinks about, evaluates or perceives themselves. \- Self concept tends to be more adaptable when we're younger and still going through the process of self-discovery and identity formation. As we age and we learn who we are and what's important to us, these self [perception] (5 senses) become much more detailed and organized. It is shaped and influenced by our own knowledge and interaction with our environment. Roger's Three Parts of Self-Concept - Carl Roger's is one of the most popular in Psychology. He is best known for developing the "Psychotherapy" method called Client-Centered-Therapy and for being one of the most Founder of Humanistic Psychology. - According to Rogers , He believe that self concept is composed of three componets. 1. IDEAL SELF - The ideal self is a person you want to be. This persons are working toward or want to posses. Its who you envision yourself to be if you were exactly as you wanted. It consists of our GOALS and AMBITIONS in life. 2. SELF-IMAGE -This pertains to [how we see ourselves], which is important to good psychological health. It includes the influence of our body image or inner personality. We might perceive(aware) ourselves as a good or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the world. 3. SELF-ESTEEM -- Also known as "SELF-WORTH" overall sense of his/her value or worth. Confidence in one\'s own worth or abilities. SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY It was first proposed in 1954 by psychologist "Leon Festinger", he believed that people have an inborn/natural drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others. The social comparison process involves people coming to know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities, and traits in comparison with others. There are two kinds of social comparison: 1. UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON -- it is when a person compares his/herself with those who he/she believes are BETTER than him or her. These upward comparisons often focus on the desire to IMPROVE the individual current status or level of ability. One might compare his/herselves to someone better off and look for ways that he/she can achieve similar results. 2. DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON -- it is when a person compares his/herself to others who are WORSE than him/her. Downward comparison are often centered on making oneselves feel better about his/her abilities or traits. A person might not be great at something, but at least he/she is better off than someone else. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SELF CONCEPT The multidimensional self-concept is developed by "Bruce A. Bracken". He believe that self-concept was multidimensional, consisting of six independent traits. These six aspects of self-concept are critical to positive social and emotional adjustment of youth and adolescents(10-19). The six traits are: 1. ACADEMIC -- individual's success or failure in school 2. AFFECT -- person's awareness of emotional states. (attitude) 3. COMPETENCE -- person's ability to do something. (capability/kakayahan) 4. FAMILY -- Person's relationship with his/her Family. 5. PHYSICAL -- person's personal idea on how he/she looks, his/her health, physical condition, and overall appearance. 6. SOCIAL -- Individual's ability to interact with others. SELF LEADERSHIP \- First Stage of leadership level. ( A Good Leader is a Good Follower) \- Self-leadership is** the practice of understanding who you are, identifying your desired experiences, and intentionally guiding yourself toward them. It spans the determination of what we do, why we do and how we do it. These strategies are design to help an individual not only on what he/ she needs to do, but also why and how he/ she should do it.** **(Neck, Manz and Houghton, 2016)** -Leading one-self toward performance of naturally motivating tasks as well as managing oneself to do work that must be done. (Charles C. Manz 1983) DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-LEADERSHIP 1. Clarity of Purpose -- You must have your goal. 2. Aim Success and take Reasonable Risk -- Challege yourself on challenging assignments and learn to take risk. (wag papa apekto) 3. Spend Time to Reflect on Your Life -- Compare experience of current and present. 4. Don't Tolerate Just Anything -- intolerant to anything that is not suit to your vision. (iwasan un mga taong di naniniwala sayo) Simple Ways to Lead Yourself 1. Know Your Values / Worth / Self 2. Move Toward Purpose -- inspire, guide and encourage your follower. (someday you'll be a leader also) 3. Keep Improving yourself -- evolve into better version. 4. Make Mistake but Never Make the Same Mistake Twice. 5. Lead by Example -- act like one (toughest) SELF LEADERSHIP THEORIES SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - It is the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. Social Learning Theory consider how environmental factors and interact to influence human learning and behavior. 1. Personal Factors -- Pertains to age, [cognition] (process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses) previous experience with the behavior, etc. 2. Environmental Factors -- refers to access to resources, safety support from the family/friends, etc. 3. Aspects of the Behavior -- refers to the vigor (physical strength / goodhealth) of the behavior outcomes to achieved as a result of practicing the behavior. SELF EFFICACY \*Efficacy -- the ability to produce a desired or intended result. - Person's belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation. Individual's belief in his/her efficacy are developed by four main sources or influence: 1. Mastery experience -- Believing that one is capable of achieving tasks they set out for themselves is necessary because part of the struggle of getting better at anything or learning something new is making sure the person believes that they are capable of carrying out said task successfully. (Garrido, 2020) 2. Vicarious Experiences -- involve observing other people successfully completing a task. According to Bandurha (1997) Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers beliefs that they too possess (taglay) the capabilities to master comparable activities to succeed. \- Social role models including older siblings, older friends, parents aunts and uncle, grandparents, teachers, coaches and employers. If a person has a positive role models in their life, especially those who display a healthy level of self-efficacy, then that individual is more likely to absorb at least a few of those positive beliefs about the self. (Garrido, 2020) 3. Social Persuasion -- (panghihikayat) involves encouragement and discouragement pertaining to an individual's performance or ability to perform the society. Receiving positive verbal feedback while undertaking complex task persuades a person to believe that they have the skills and capabilities to succeed. Verbal persuasion works on any age. 4. Emotional and Physiological States -- The emotional, physical and psychological well being of a person can influence how they feel about their personal abilities in a particular situation. SELF CONTROL THEORY \- is a criminological theory about the [lack of individual self-control] as the main factor behind criminal behavior. The theory was developed by "Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi" who defined self-control as the tendency to [avoid criminal] acts independent of the situations. - Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that those who learn early in life to exercise SELF CONTROL will have much less involvement in delinquency, (crime committed by young people) crime, and other problem behaviors such as substance abuse, accidents, and employment problems; later in life. Those who developed high levels of self-control in childhood will be less likely to be arrested or convicted as adults; have greater success in school; obtain more successful employment; attain higher incomes; and even experience many and better health outcomes throughout life. SELF DETERMINATION THEORY - **people are motivated by their needs.** It suggests that people can become self-determined when their needs are fulfilled. - According to "Deci and Ryan" the two main types of motivation are: 1. Intrinsic motivation - is when you feel inspired or energized to complete a task because it's [personally rewarding.] In other words, you\'re performing the activity because you are being [satisfied] of some internal drive as opposed to an external force or reward. With intrinsic motivation, the behavior itself becomes the reward.  2. Extrinsic motivation - is when you're inspired to perform a task [either to earn a reward or to avoid punishment]. In the case of extrinsic motivation, you\'re not completing the task because you like it or find it satisfying. Instead, you\'re completing it because you think you\'ll [avoid something unpleasant or you\'ll get something in return.] Three Basic Needs - According to the Self Determination Theory, people are driven by three natural and universal psychological needs, and that personal well being is a direct function of the satisfaction of these three basic psychological needs: 1. Autonomy -- It is the need to control of their lives. People have a need to feel that they are the masters of their own destiny and that they have at least some control over their lives; most importantly, people have a need to feel that they are in control of their own behavior. 2. Competence -- It is the need to be effective in dealing with the environment. This refers to the persons achievements, knowledge and skills; people have a need to build their competence and develop mastery over tasks that are important to them. 3. Relatedness -- Also called connection. It is the need to have a close, affectionate relationship with others. People need to have a sense of belonging and be connected with others; each one of us needs other people to some degree. SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-LEADERSHIP (importance) - Self-leadership is important because it helps an individual [accomplish his/her professional goals] and to be [good leader to others]. Good leaders must have the ability to [lead by example]. It allows a leader to influence others to take action so that the goals of the organization are met. In addition to helping an individual achieve your his/her personal goals for their life and career, benefits of self-leadership include: 1. Make a person more efficient and productive - An individual with strong self-leadership [skills] also has the [ability] to manage their time effectively and to stay organized in their work. This often results in the company benefiting from increased productivity and high quality. 2. Keeps a person motivated and accountable - A person with a strong sense of motivation will push through challenges when they arise, which can result in [achieving more than a person thought he/she could.] Being accountable for one's actions requires a person to be honest when taking self-inventory and provides him/her the opportunity to learn and develop new skills. 3. Build strong relationships with co-workers - Co- workers will be more likely to view a person with strong Self-leadership as someone they can [count on] to complete group tasks and projects, while supervisors and managers will appreciate his/ her ability to be productive without having to be micromanaged. (to manage or control with excessive attention to minor details) 4. Inspires other to follow a person's lead - Great leadership begins with self-leadership skills. Supervisors and managers typically have minimal oversight (unintentional failure to notice) if an individual is in the position of leadership. It is important for him/her to be able to plan and [prioritize] his/her own tasks and remain [dedicated] to completing their work.