CfE Course Unit Support Notes PDF - National 4 Biology

National 4 Biology Course Support Notes This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies of these Course Support Notes can be downloaded fr...

National 4 Biology Course Support Notes This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies of these Course Support Notes can be downloaded from SQA’s website: www.sqa.org.uk. Please refer to the note of changes at the end of this document for details of changes from previous version (where applicable). Contents Course Support Notes Introduction 1 General guidance on the Course 2 Approaches to learning and teaching 4 Approaches to assessment 16 Equality and inclusion 26 Appendix 1: Reference documents 27 Appendix 2: Resource pack 28 Background information 29 Administrative information 35 Unit Support Notes — Cell Biology (National 4) 36 Introduction 37 General guidance on the Unit 38 Approaches to learning and teaching 39 Equality and inclusion 41 Appendix 1: Reference documents 42 Administrative information 43 Unit Support Notes — Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) 44 Introduction 45 General guidance on the Unit 46 Approaches to learning and teaching 47 Equality and inclusion 49 Appendix 1: Reference documents 50 Administrative information 51 Unit Support Notes — Biology: Life on Earth (National 4) 52 Introduction 53 General guidance on the Unit 54 Approaches to learning and teaching 55 Equality and inclusion 57 Appendix 1: Reference documents 58 Administrative information 59 Introduction These support notes are not mandatory. They provide advice and guidance on approaches to delivering and assessing the National 4 Biology Course. They are intended for teachers and lecturers who are delivering the Course and its Units. They should be read in conjunction with the Course Specification, the Added Value Unit Specification, and the Unit Specifications for the Units in the Course. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 1 General guidance on the Course Aims As stated in the Course Specification, the aims of the Course are to enable learners to:  develop and apply knowledge and understanding of biology  develop an understanding of biology’s role in scientific issues and relevant applications of biology in society and the environment  develop scientific inquiry and investigative skills  develop scientific analytical thinking skills in a biology context  develop the use of technology, equipment and materials, safely, in practical scientific activities  develop problem solving skills in a biology context  use and understand scientific literacy, in everyday contexts, to communicate ideas and issues  develop the knowledge and skills for more advanced learning in biology Progression into this Course Entry to this Course is at the discretion of the centre. However, learners would normally be expected to have attained the skills and knowledge required by one or more of the following or by equivalent qualifications and/or experience:  National 3 Biology Course There may also be progression from National 3 Chemistry, National 3 Environmental Science, National 3 Physics or National 3 Science Courses. Experiences and Outcomes National Courses have been designed to draw on and build on the curriculum experiences and outcomes as appropriate. Qualifications developed for the senior phase of secondary education are benchmarked against SCQF levels. SCQF level 4 and the curriculum level 4 are broadly equivalent in terms of level of demand although qualifications at SCQF level 4 will be more specific to allow for more specialist study of subjects. Learners who have completed Curriculum for Excellence experiences and outcomes will find these an appropriate basis for doing the Course. In this Course, learners would benefit from having experience of the following: Organisers Lines of development Planet Earth Biodiversity and Interdependence SCN 01, 02, 03 Biological Systems Body Systems SCN 12, 13 Inheritance SCN 14 More detail is contained in the Biology Progression Framework. The Biology Progression framework shows the development of the key areas throughout the suite of Courses. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 2 Skills, knowledge and understanding covered in the Course Note: teachers and lecturers should refer to the Added Value Unit Specification for mandatory information about the skills, knowledge and understanding to be covered in this Course. Progression from this Course This Course or its components may provide progression for the learner to:  National 5 Biology Course  National 4 or 5 Course in another science subject  Skills for Work Courses (SCQF levels 4 or 5)  National Certificate Group Awards  National Progression Awards (SCQF levels 4 or 5)  Employment and/or training Hierarchies Hierarchy is the term used to describe Courses and Units which form a structured sequence involving two or more SCQF levels. It is important that any content in a Course and/or Unit at one particular SCQF level is not repeated if a learner progresses to the next level of the hierarchy. The skills and knowledge should be able to be applied to new content and contexts to enrich the learning experience. This is for centres to manage.  Biology Courses from National 3 to Advanced Higher are hierarchical.  Courses from National 3 to National 5 have Units with the same structure and titles.  National 5 gives equal progression to both Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology. Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology give equal progression to Advanced Higher Biology. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 3 Approaches to learning and teaching The purpose of this section is to provide you with advice and guidance on learning and teaching. It is essential that you are familiar with the mandatory information within the Biology Added Value Unit. Teaching should involve an appropriate range of approaches to develop knowledge and understanding and skills for learning, life and work. This can be integrated into a related sequence of activities, centred on an idea, theme or application of biology, based on appropriate contexts, and need not be restricted to the Unit structure. Learning should be experiential, active, challenging and enjoyable, and include appropriate practical experiments/activities and could be learner-led. The use of a variety of active learning approaches is encouraged, including peer teaching and assessment, individual and group presentations, role-playing and game-based learning, with learner-generated questions. When developing your Biology Course there should be opportunities for learners to take responsibility for their learning. Learning and teaching should build on learners’ prior knowledge, skills and experiences. The Units and the key areas identified within them may be approached in any appropriate sequence, at the centre’s discretion. The distribution of time between the various Units is a matter for professional judgement and is entirely at the discretion the centre. Each Unit is likely to require an approximately equal time allocation, although this may depend on the learners’ prior learning in the different key areas. Learning and teaching, within a class, can be organised, in a flexible way, to allow a range of learners’ needs to be met, including learners achieving at different levels. The hierarchical nature of the new Biology qualifications provides improved continuity between the levels. Centres can, therefore, organise learning and teaching strategies in ways appropriate for their learners. Within a class, there may be learners capable of achieving at a higher level in some aspects of the Course. Where possible, they should be given the opportunity to do so. There may also be learners who are struggling to achieve in all aspects of the Course, and may only achieve at the lower level in some areas. Teachers/lecturers need to consider the Course and Unit Specifications to identify the differences between Course levels. It may also be useful to refer to the Biology Progression Framework. When delivering this Course to a group of learners, with some working towards different levels, it may be useful for teachers to identify activities covering common concepts and skills for all learners, and additional activities required for some learners. In some aspects of the Course, the difference between levels is defined in terms of a higher level of skill. An investigatory approach is encouraged in Biology, with learners actively involved in developing their skills, knowledge and understanding by investigating a range of relevant Biology applications and issues. A holistic approach should be adopted to encourage simultaneous development of learners’ conceptual understanding and skills. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 4 Where appropriate, investigative work/experiments, in Biology, should allow learners the opportunity to select activities and/or carry out extended study. Investigative/ experimental work is part of the scientific method of working and can fulfil a number of educational purposes. All learning and teaching should offer opportunities for learners to work collaboratively. Practical activities and investigative work can offer opportunities for group work, which should be encouraged. Group work approaches can be used within Units and across Courses, where it is helpful to simulate real-life situations, share tasks and promote team working skills. However, there must be clear evidence for each learner to show that the learner has met the required assessment standards for the Unit or Course. Laboratory work should include the use of technology and equipment that reflects current scientific use in Biology. Fieldwork provides an opportunity for practical work, using first-hand experience of an ecosystem to develop knowledge, understanding and problem solving. Appropriate risk assessment must be undertaken. Learners would be expected to contribute their own time in addition to programmed learning time. Effective partnership working can enhance the science experience. Where possible, locally relevant contexts should be studied, with visits where this is possible. Guest speakers from, for example, industry, further and higher education could be used to bring the world of biology into the classroom. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can make a significant contribution to practical work in Biology, in addition to the use of computers as a learning tool. Computer interfacing equipment can detect and record small changes in variables allowing experimental results to be recorded over short periods of time, completing experiments in class time. Results can also be displayed in real time helping to improve understanding. Data logging equipment and video cameras can be set up to record data and make observations over periods of time longer than a class lesson which can then be subsequently downloaded and viewed for analysis. Learning about Scotland and Scottish culture will enrich the learners' learning experience and help them to develop the skills for learning, life and work they will need to prepare them for taking their place in a diverse, inclusive and participative Scotland and beyond. Where there are opportunities to contextualise approaches to learning and teaching to Scottish contexts, teachers and lecturers should consider this. Assessment should be integral to and improve learning and teaching. The approach should involve learners and provide supportive feedback. Self- and peer-assessment techniques should be encouraged, wherever appropriate. Assessment information should be used to set learning targets and next steps. As part of learning, teaching and preparation for assessment, it is recommended that learners carry out several investigations that meet the requirements of the Assignment, as stipulated in the Added Value Unit Specification. This should help learners develop the necessary skills and prepare them for subsequent assessment. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 5 For exemplification, a resource pack for one investigation is contained in Appendix 2. This resource pack contains background information on one topic, as well as links and suggestions of other sources of information. It exemplifies one approach to Stage 1 (research stage) of the investigation. Learners may practise producing their report/communication, using this resource pack as their source of information/data for Stage 1 (research stage) of the investigation. This will allow Stage 2 (communicating stage) to be carried out without learners having to access additional resources. The Course and Unit Support Notes for National 5 Biology, National 4 Environmental Science and National 5 Environmental Science each contain a resource pack for a different topic. Some of these may also provide learners with suitable opportunities to practise their Assignment. Teachers and lecturers may choose to develop other resource packs, on an ongoing basis, to provide sets of resources for learners. Suggestions for possible contexts and learning activities to support and enrich learning and teaching are detailed in the table below. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 6 Cell Biology The key areas are from the Added Value Unit Specification. Suggested learning activities are not mandatory. This offers examples of suggested activities, from which you could select a range. It is not expected that all will be covered. The contexts for key areas are open to personalisation and choice, so centres are likely to devise their own learning activities. Exemplification of key areas is not mandatory. It provides an outline of the level of demand and detail of the key areas. Cell Biology Key areas Suggested learning activities Exemplification of key areas 1 Cell division and its  Grow colonies of microorganisms on Cell division is essential to allow organisms to grow and role in growth and agar. repair damaged parts, eg cuts, broken bones. repair.  Investigate the use of cells in the context of tissue culture for therapeutic During cell division, the parent cell divides to produce two use. identical cells, which contain the same number of  Investigate regeneration of damaged chromosomes in their nuclei as the parent cell. tissues in organisms such as salamanders and starfish. Cancer cells result from uncontrolled cell division. 2 DNA, genes and  Decoding activities to produce coloured Genes are located on chromosomes in the nucleus. Genes chromosomes. ‘paper-chain’ proteins. are made of DNA which carries the instructions to make  Case studies of inherited diseases. proteins. Genes are passed on from parents to offspring. Each individual’s DNA is unique. 3 Therapeutic use of  Investigate uses of genetic Insulin or other protein production via genetic engineering. cells. engineering. Other examples may include stem cell technology or using  Investigate, eg insulin/factor VIII/human cells to grow artificial organs. growth hormone.  Research projects or visit research labs to see uses which are relevant. 4 Properties of  Carry out experiments with, eg Enzymes are found in living cells. They are specific, speed enzymes and their phosphorylase, amylase, catalase to up reactions in cells and remain unchanged by the reaction. use in industries. demonstrate specificity and to test for Enzymes build-up and break-down molecules. The actual substrates and products using iodine, mechanism of how they do this is not required. Benedict’s and Clinistix. Enzymes can be used in a range of biotechnology  Make paper/plasticine models or industries. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 7 Cell Biology Cell Biology Key areas Suggested learning activities Exemplification of key areas animations of enzyme action.  Investigate the cleaning effect or energy efficiency of biological and non- biological detergents.  Carry out experiments with rennet. Make cheese/visit cheese factory. Investigate the history and ethics of rennet production. 5 Properties of  Make, eg bread, beer, yoghurt. Properties of microorganisms include rapid growth, diverse microorganisms  Visit a local industry. use of food source and wide range of products. and their use in  Investigate production and use of industries. biofuels. Examples of how some microorganisms work and are used  Investigate the effect of temperature on in industrial processes, eg yeast in baking and brewing, rising dough. bacteria for yoghurt, cheese and biofuel production.  Investigate breakdown of sewage.  Use, eg nigrosin stain to visualise bacteria in yoghurt.  Investigate use of microorganisms in bioremediation 6 The effect of  Carry out starch tests on plants in If any of the requirements (light, water, carbon dioxide or a limiting factors on various conditions. suitable temperature) are low or missing, the photosynthesis photosynthesis.  Elodea/Cabomba investigations to find rate is limited. out about limiting factors.  Investigate immobilised algae and By overcoming these limitations, faster growth rates can be hydrogen carbonate indicator to show achieved. the effect of light on the production of carbon dioxide. Use IT simulations and data logging. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 8 Cell Biology Cell Biology Key areas Suggested learning activities Exemplification of key areas 7 The process of  Carry out germinating peas Respiration is used to release energy for use in cells. respiration and the experiments. Oxygen may or may not be used in yeast, plant and animal factors that can  Investigate the effect of mass of cells. When oxygen is available, yeast, plant and animal affect it. sugar/temperature on the rate of cells use glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water. respiration in yeast. Use IT simulations Without oxygen, yeast and plant cells use glucose to and data logging. produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Without oxygen, animal cells use glucose to produce lactic acid. More energy is released per molecule of glucose when oxygen is present. The process is enzyme controlled in all cases and so is affected by temperature. 8 Controversial  Investigate/debate any relevant biological interesting topic, eg gene therapy, procedures. pharming, transgenic animals and plants. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 9 Multicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms Key areas Suggested learning activities Exemplification of key areas 1 Sexual and asexual  Investigate reproduction in various Sexual reproduction involves two parents. reproduction and their organisms. All of the offspring produced are different importance for survival of  Compare different methods, success rates from each other. Asexual reproduction species. and how these relate to species survival. involves only one parent and all the  Brine shrimp practicals. offspring produced are identical to that  Investigate asexual reproduction in plants parent. and animals using models, reference Sexual reproduction is important for materials and videos. introducing variation in a population and enables species to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Asexual reproduction does not produce variation but it allows populations to grow quickly. 2 Propagating and growing  Carry out various propagation techniques Different methods to propagate plants, eg plants. with suitable plants. seeds, cuttings, bulbs, tubers and runners. 3 Commercial use of plants.  Investigate increased yields of Plants are grown to provide food, fuel, raw crops/fuel/medicines via pharming. materials and medicines. They are also used for aesthetic reasons. Pharming as a means of genetically modifying plants to produce medicinal products. 4 Genetic information.  Investigate how genetics determines our Our genes determine our features. As we features, ensures variation. inherit half of our DNA from our father and  Use Reebops or similar activities to model the other half from our mother this inheritance from two parents. Examine ensures variation. Basic monohybrid photographs of families to consider which crosses showing how dominant features a child inherited from which parent. characteristics are passed on from parents to the F1 generation. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 10 Multicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms Key areas Suggested learning activities Exemplification of key areas 5 Growth and development of  Select a range of different organisms and The growth and development of different different organisms. compare their growth and development. organisms can be influenced by different  Seed germination experiments to compare factors. Water, oxygen and warmth are necessary/optimum conditions for growth. important for the growth and development  Investigate how chemicals or radiation can of plants. Humans need a balanced diet, affect growth and development. water, minerals, vitamins and suitable  Investigate commercial plant growing/visit a conditions. commercial plant nursery.  Research/investigate the importance of suitable conditions eg diet and temperature to maintain growth and development. Debate the links between diet and growth and development disorders. 6 Biological actions in response  Investigate the effect of changing external The basic principles of homeostasis to internal and external temperature on core body temperature. through maintaining body temperature and changes to maintain stable Research causes of diabetes. regulating blood glucose. When body body conditions. temperature decreases blood is diverted away from the skin, skin hairs become upright and shivering may occur. These actions bring the body temperature back to normal. When body temperature increases, blood is diverted to the skin and sweat is produced bringing the body temperature back to normal. If blood glucose levels are too high insulin (a hormone) is released. This tells the body to store the excess glucose in the liver. This brings the blood glucose levels back to normal. If blood levels are too low this excess glucose can be released again bringing them back to normal. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 11 Life on Earth Life on Earth Key areas Suggested learning activities Exemplification of key areas 1 Animal and plants species  Investigate a variety of ecosystems/biomes, Animals and plants depend upon each depend on each other. eg rainforest, tundra, desert, arctic, other for a number of things including temperate, local ecosystems. food, shelter and pollination.  Investigate various biotic factors, eg food The addition/removal of a species will availability, predators, disease and impact upon other species within an competition. Use sampling techniques, eg ecosystem. transect and quadrat analysis.  Investigate/research how the addition/removal of a species will impact upon other species in an ecosystem. 2 Impact of population growth  Investigate examples of human population Human population growth has resulted in and natural hazards on growth and how these affect biodiversity. habitat destruction, deforestation, over- biodiversity. Investigate/research ecological footprints that fishing, intensive agriculture, genetic measure human demands on earth’s pollution, climate change, acid rain, oil and resources. chemical spills, sewage and litter. These  Debate issues around conservation of environmental disruptions have had a endangered species to maintain biodiversity negative impact on biodiversity. nationally and globally. Natural hazards such as forest fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and volcanic activity will also reduce biodiversity. 3 Nitrogen cycle.  Investigate/research the nitrogen cycle Nitrogen is essential for organisms to including the role of microorganisms. make proteins. It is recycled through a set  Use card sorting to identify stages and of processes known as the nitrogen cycle. processes of the cycle. Bacteria and fungi are vital to the nitrogen  Use compost columns/heaps/bins to cycle. investigate decay.  Carry out water culture experiments with, eg The basic nitrogen cycle showing the lemna stages and processes involved.  Investigate seedling development with/without nitrogen using sand or perlite. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 12 Life on Earth Life on Earth Key areas Suggested learning activities Exemplification of key areas 4 Fertiliser design and  Explore the use of natural and artificial When crops are harvested, nitrogen is environmental impact of fertilisers and the advantages/disadvantages taken out of the cycle so needs to be fertilisers. of each, eg cost, specificity, purity, NPK replaced. Nitrogen can be added to the composition. soil in the form of nitrate fertilisers,  Visit a farm. manure or compost.  Investigate the effects of fertilisers, eg algal blooms. Nitrogen in fresh water increases algal  Investigate Blue Flag beaches nationally and growth, blocking out the light. This causes internationally. death of organisms, decrease of oxygen and means less life can be supported. 5 Adaptations for survival.  Research examples of structural and Adaptations can be structural, physiological adaptations which lead to physiological or behavioural and help species survival eg cactus, camel, polar bear, organisms survive and reproduce in their fish. environment. 6 Learned behaviour in  Research examples of innate and learned Changes in learned behaviour due to response to stimuli linked to behavioural adaptations which lead to internal and external stimuli are of benefit species survival. species survival such as swarming, huddling, to the survival of species. imprinting, migration, communication, eg waggle dance in bees.  Practical investigation using, eg choice chambers, mazes, mirror drawing, touch typing.  Practical investigation on habituation, eg in snails.  Research group/cultural/social/territorial behaviour, eg robins, Japanese macaques. Use data to produce a graph/chart of daily activities.  Research how insects (eg bees) learn to associate flower scent and colour with nectar. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 13 Developing skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work Learners are expected to develop broad generic skills as an integral part of their learning experience. The Course Specification lists the skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work that learners should develop through this Course. These are based on SQA’s Skills Framework: Skills for Learning, Skills for Life and Skills for Work and must be built into the Course where there are appropriate opportunities. The level of these skills will be appropriate to the level of the Course. For this Course, it is expected that the following skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work will be significantly developed: Numeracy This is the ability to use numbers in order to solve problems by counting, doing calculations, measuring, and understanding graphs and charts. This is also the ability to understand the results. Learners will have opportunities to extract, process and interpret information presented in numerous formats including tabular and graphical. Practical work will provide opportunities to develop time and measurement skills. 2.1 Number processes Number processes means solving problems arising in everyday life through carrying out calculations, when dealing with data and results from experiments/investigations and everyday class work, making informed decisions based on the results of these calculations and understanding these results 2.2 Money, time and measurement This means using and understanding time and measurement to solve problems and handle data in a variety of biology contexts, including practical and investigative 2.3 Information handling Information handling means being able to interpret biological data in tables, charts and other graphical displays to draw sensible conclusions throughout the Course. It involves interpreting the data and considering its reliability in making reasoned deductions and informed decisions. It also involves an awareness and understanding of the chance of events happening. Thinking skills This is the ability to develop the cognitive skills of remembering and identifying, understanding and applying. The Course will allow learners to develop skills of applying, analysing and evaluating. Learners can analyse and evaluate practical work and data by reviewing the process, identifying issues and forming valid conclusions. They can demonstrate understanding and application of concepts and explain and interpret information and data. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 14 5.3 Applying Applying is the ability to use existing information to solve biological problems in different contexts, and to plan, organise and complete a task such as an investigation. 5.4 Analysing and evaluating This covers the ability to identify and weigh-up the features of a situation or issue in biology and use judgement of them in coming to a conclusion. It includes reviewing and considering any potential solutions. In addition, learners will also have opportunities to develop literacy skills, working with others, creating and citizenship. Literacy Learners develop the literacy skills to effectively communicate key biology concepts and describe, clearly, biology issues in various media forms. Learners will have opportunities to communicate knowledge and understanding, with an emphasis on applications and environmental, ethical and/or social impacts. Learners will have opportunities to develop listening and reading skills when gathering and processing information. Working with Others Learning activities provide many opportunities, in all areas of the Course, for learners to work with others. Practical activities and investigations, in particular, offer opportunities for group work, which is an important aspect of biology and should be encouraged. Creating Through learning in biology, learners can demonstrate their creativity. In particular, when planning and designing experiments/investigations, learners have the opportunity to be innovative in their approach. Learners also have the opportunities to make, write, say or do something new. Citizenship Learners will develop citizenship skills, when considering the applications of biology on our lives, as well as environmental and ethical implications. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 15 Approaches to assessment Assessment should cover the mandatory skills, knowledge and understanding of the Course. Assessment should be integral to and improve learning and teaching. The approach should involve learners and provide supportive feedback. Self and peer assessment techniques should be used, where appropriate. See the Unit Support Notes for guidance on approaches to assessment of the Units of the Course. Added Value Courses from National 4 to Advanced Higher include assessment of added value. At National 4 the added value will be assessed in the Added Value Unit. Information given in the Course Specification and the Added Value Unit Specification about the assessment of added value is mandatory. The Biology Added Value Unit is assessed by an Assignment. Prior to doing this Unit, learners would benefit from having covered the key areas from at least one of:  Cell Biology (National 4)  Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4)  Biology: Life On Earth (National 4) It is intended that the majority of the time for the Added Value Unit should be spent in learning and teaching activities, which further develop the skills necessary to conduct investigative/practical work in Biology. In addition to ensuring that learners are suitably prepared to conduct simple background research using the internet. If the Added Value Unit is delivered as part of a Course, centres can deliver this Unit at an appropriate point during the Course. Learners will use the skills, knowledge and understanding necessary to undertake an investigation into a topical issue in biology. The teacher/lecturer may provide guidance to learners on topics for study, taking into account the needs of their learners and the relevance to everyday issues. While the learner should choose the topic to be investigated, it would be reasonable for the choice the learner makes to be one where the teacher/lecturer has some expertise and has resources available to enable the learner to successfully meet the Assessment Standards. The Assignment offers opportunities for learners to work in partnership and in teams, though it must be clear, at each stage, that the learner has produced evidence of their contribution to any group work carried out. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 16 Suggested investigations Some suggested investigations are listed below which are likely to be familiar to assessors. Centres are free to select other appropriate investigations. Investigations Use of factor VIII or other genetically engineered product for human use Production of beer, wine, cheese, etc Gene therapy Pharming Commercial plant growing Conservation of endangered species Habitat loss A resource pack has been developed for one of these investigations and can be found in Appendix 2. This is not mandatory. Centres are free to develop their own investigations. Combining assessment across Units If an integrated approach to Course delivery is chosen, then there may be opportunities for combining assessment across Units. If this approach is used, then it is necessary to be able to track evidence for individual Outcomes and Assessment Standards. Transfer of evidence Evidence for the achievement of Outcome 1 and Assessment Standards 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 for one Unit can be used as evidence of the achievement of Outcome 1 and Assessment Standards 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 in the other Units of this Course. Exemplification of standards Assessment Standards can be achieved via a number of pieces of evidence covering work done on different occasions. Candidate 1’s report provides evidence for Assessment Standards, 1.3 and 1.4 in a single report. The assessor’s recording evidence table for candidate 2 provides an alternative example. It shows when the ‘Variable to be kept constant’ section of Assessment Standard 1.1 was overtaken. It also includes a record of the evidence to demonstrate success for this section. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 17 Candidate 1 AIM My aim is to find out what happened if changing the amount of fertiliser effects the growth of seedlings. (Transcribed from candidate evidence). Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 18 Candidate 1 (cont’d) Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 19 Candidate 1 (cont’d) Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 20 Experimental Investigation Candidate 2 Candidate 2’s report provides evidence for the ‘Variable to be kept constant’ section of Assessment Standard 1.1. Assessment Standard Evidence Result 1.1 Planning an Aim of experiment experiment/practical investigation Variable to be kept constant 22/1/13 Measurements/observations to be made Resources Method including health and safety 1.2 Following procedures Procedures have been followed safely safely 1.3 Making and recording observations/ Observations/measurements taken measurements are correct correctly 1.4 Presenting results in Results have been presented in an an appropriate format appropriate format 1.5 Drawing valid What the experiment/practical conclusions investigation shows, with reference to the aim 1.6 Evaluating The suggestion given will improve experimental the experiment/practical procedures investigation Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 21 Candidate 2 (cont’d) Candidate 2’s report provides evidence for the ‘Variable to be kept constant’ section of Assessment Standard 1.1. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 22 Candidate 3 Candidate 3’s report provides evidence for Assessment Standards 1.5 to 1.6. As the concentration of the fertilizer solution goes from 0 to 60% the average height of the seedling increases. As the concentration of the fertilizer solutions goes from 60 to 100% the average height of the seedling decreases. The next time I will use 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% fertilizer so there are more results to give a more reliable result. I will grow them in May when the weather is warmer and better for plant growth. I will leave them longer to grow, three weeks, so there can be a bigger difference between the results. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 23 Candidates 4 and 5 The reports from candidates 4 and 5 show how research into the same application of biology produced individual evidence for Assessment Standard 2.2. Assessment Standard Evidence required Evidence produced 2.2 Describing an The application is related The assessor identified application to a key area of the associated key areas of Course the Course — How animal and plants species depend on each other; Impact of population growth and natural hazards on biodiversity. It is only necessary to relate to one key area. Application stated An application, ‘environmental management’, is stated Appropriate biology used Each candidate has used to describe application appropriate National 4 Biology knowledge to describe the application. The word count is appropriate for National 4. Candidate 4 Candidate 5 Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 24 Candidate 6 The report from Candidate 6 provides evidence for Assessment Standard 2.3. Assessment Standard Evidence required Evidence produced 2.3 Describing a The issue is related to a The Assessor identified biological issue in key area of the Course the associated key area terms of its effect of the Course — Animal on the environment/ and plants species society depend on each other; Impact of population growth and natural hazards on biodiversity. It is only necessary to relate to one key area. A biological issue is The biological issue is stated identified — beaver reintroduction Appropriate biology Effects on the knowledge is used to environment are stated. describe its effect The biology knowledge and the word count are appropriate for National 4. Candidate 6 Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 25 Equality and inclusion The following should be taken into consideration: Situation Reasonable Adjustment Carrying out practical activities Use could be made of practical helpers for learners with:  physical disabilities, especially manual dexterity, when carrying out practical activities  visual impairment who have difficulty distinguishing colour changes or other visual information Reading, writing and presenting Use could be made of ICT, enlarged text, text, symbolic representation, alternative paper and/or print colour and/or tables, graphs and diagrams practical helpers for learners with visual impairment, specific learning difficulties and physical disabilities Process information using Use could be made of practical helpers for calculations learners with specific cognitive difficulties (eg dyscalculia) Draw a valid conclusion, giving Use could be made of practical helpers for explanations and making learners with specific cognitive difficulties or generalisation/predictions autism As far as possible, reasonable adjustments should be made for the Assignment, where necessary. This includes the use of ‘practical helpers’, readers, scribes, adapted equipment or assistive technologies. It is recognised that centres have their own duties under equality and other legislation and policy initiatives. The guidance given in these Course Support Notes is designed to sit alongside these duties but is specific to the delivery and assessment of the Course. It is important that centres are aware of and understand SQA’s assessment arrangements for disabled learners, and those with additional support needs, when making requests for adjustments to published assessment arrangements. Centres will find more guidance on this in the series of publications on Assessment Arrangements on SQA’s website: www.sqa.org.uk/sqa//14977.html. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 26 Appendix 1: Reference documents The following reference documents will provide useful information and background.  Assessment Arrangements (for disabled learners and/or those with additional support needs) — various publications are available on SQA’s website at: www.sqa.org.uk/sqa//14977.html.  Building the Curriculum 3: A framework for Learning and Teaching  Building the Curriculum 4: Skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work  Building the Curriculum 5: A framework for assessment  Course Specifications  Design Principles for National Courses  Guide to Assessment (June 2008)  Science: A Portrait of current practice in Scottish schools (Nov 2008)  SCQF Handbook: User Guide (published 2009) and SCQF level descriptors (to be reviewed during 2011 to 2012): www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/4595.html  SQA Skills Framework: Skills for Learning, Skills for Life and Skills for Work Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 27 Appendix 2: Resource pack National 4 Biology: Added Value Unit Resource pack: Commercial fishing in the North Sea Relationship to Course Biology: Life On Earth Unit Key area: the impact of population growth and natural hazards on biodiversity. Outcome 1 The learner will apply skills and knowledge to investigate a topical issue in biology and its impact on society/the environment by: 1.1 Choosing, with justification, a relevant issue in biology 1.2 Researching the issue 1.3 Presenting appropriate information/data 1.4 Explaining the impact, in terms of the biology involved 1.5 Communicating the findings of the investigation The sections in this pack provide background information on: 1. The North Sea and fishing 2. How are fish caught? 3. How are fish populations estimated? 4. Are fish stocks declining? 5. What could be causing fish stocks to decline? 6. Consequences 7. Possible solutions Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 28 Background information 1. The North Sea and fishing The North Sea stretches between Great Britain and northern Europe, as shown on the map below. All of the countries which have coastlines on the North Sea have fishing rights for an area in which they are allowed to catch fish. The North Sea provides a habitat for over 230 species of fish. Examples of species which have been fished commercially include cod, haddock, plaice and mackerel. Commercial fishing in the North Sea is important to Scotland, as many towns and cities rely on income from fishing. Many people, especially in coastal areas, rely on the North Sea fishing industry for jobs. This includes being out at sea catching fish, preparing fish for sale, and building and repairing boats and other fishing equipment. Commercial fishing also brings income from the export of fish and fish products to other countries. In addition, fish are an important part of the Scottish diet. You can find out more about the fishing industry in Scotland by looking at the following website: http://www.scotfishmuseum.org/the-developing- industry 2. How are fish caught? The most common method for commercial fishing boats is trawling. In this process a big net is dragged along behind boats called trawlers. This can be carried out by one boat or two boats working together with a net dragged between them. Trawling is efficient at capturing large numbers of fish. All the fish in the area are caught in the net and only the smallest fish can escape through the holes in the net. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 29 Trawler image copyright shutterstock: 36284512 3. How are fish populations estimated? It is difficult to estimate the number of fish in a large area like the North Sea. However, scientists analyse the information about the number, size and age of fish caught each year. Scientists also carry out their own sampling in less-fished parts of the North Sea, to estimate how many fish there are. 4. Are fish stocks declining There is disagreement amongst different groups about how many fish are left in the North Sea. The Scottish and UK Governments recognise that there has been a decline in fish stocks over the past 30 years and recognise the need for conservation programmes. They also recognise that as a consequence of some current conservation programmes some fish stocks are recovering. The European Union (EU) also agrees that there has been a reduction in fish stocks. The Seafish organisation (www.seafish.org ) represents the fishing industry. It also agrees that there has been a reduction in fish stocks over a number of years. It believes that the numbers of many fish species are recovering in the North Sea. 5. What could be causing fish stocks to decline? There are various reasons that scientists have identified as contributing to the reduction in the number of fish in the North Sea. This video gives a brief overview. http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/why-have-fish-stocks-decreased-in-the- north-sea-pt-1-2/4687.html). Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 30  a. Over-fishing This is caused by fishermen catching too many fish, so that there are not enough breeding adults left. This causes the population to decrease. The following website is easy to read and gives a lot of good information about over-fishing and its effects. http://www.ypte.org.uk/environmental/over-fishing/29 A documentary which gives an excellent introduction and explanation of the issues relating to global over-fishing is ‘The end of the line’, at the following website. You can enter your details and watch 25 minutes of this documentary for free. http://www.bluemarinefoundation.com/en-GB/watch-eotl-video.aspx There is a general explanation and more information about over-fishing around the world at: http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-overfishing The table below gives data on the numbers of some fish species caught by Scottish fishermen, in the North Sea, over a period of 60 years. Species of fish Number of fish caught (thousands) 1950–59 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–09 European plaice 56 68 50 61 100 66 Haddock 676 862 1066 1097 697 368 Atlantic cod 458 555 569 597 378 114 Atlantic halibut 25 14 4 1 2 2 Atlantic herring 1073 862 898 702 898 620 Atlantic mackerel 28 18 338 1615 1606 1335 There is a lot of other data available relating to fish catches which you could consider. b. Pollution It is suggested that pollution from the highly populated countries surrounding the North Sea has been partly responsible for reducing fish numbers. Pollution can come from sources polluting the sea directly or through issues with the rivers which run into the sea. Often chemicals used in agriculture can be washed from the fields into rivers and can cause problems for organisms living in those rivers and seas. In other instances, sewage and waste from factories are released into waterways. This can increase the number of microorganisms in the water. Microorganisms will use up oxygen and make water unsuitable for larger organisms to survive. These low oxygen levels may cause fish to die or may affect organisms further down the food chain. This reduces the number of prey species and fish may die through lack of food. http://www.northseawildlife.org.uk/from-inland-to-open-water/pollution/ Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 31  c. Climate change Climate change and rising sea temperature may also be a factor affecting fish numbers. Small rises in sea temperature by as little as 1°C can make the conditions more suitable for species which would not normally be able to live in the area. In the past few decades some scientists have described an increase in temperature of 1·5°C, which has allowed more warm weather fish (eg red mullet) to start appearing in the North Sea. These temperatures are not favoured by traditional species like cod so they have had to move north into different waters where their food chains and habitats might be different. Warmer waters change the complex feeding relationships in marine habitats. http://www.awi.de/en/news/background/climate_change/how_is_the_north_sea_c hanging/ 6. Consequences The decline in fish stocks in the North Sea has had consequences for the food webs in the North Sea and the human populations that depend on them. a. Food webs Food webs involving the fish are affected by changes in fish numbers. Those fish which are caught are normally eaten by larger fish and they also feed on smaller plants and animals. Therefore, all the organisms in the food chains of these fish may be affected. Animals which feed on specific fish have less food available to them. Some animals and plants which these fish feed on may increase in numbers. This is an example of a food chain involving haddock. phytoplankton copepod capelin haddock Since the collapse of herring fishing in the North Sea, some fishing boats have started to fish capelin instead in larger numbers. As haddock feed on capelin, if capelin numbers decrease, there will be a reduction in the food available for haddock. Therefore, the ecosystem will not be able to support as many haddock as had previously been the case. http://www.mcsuk.org/what_we_do/Fishing+for+our+future http://www.fisheries.is/ecosystem/ b. Fishing communities A reduction in fish numbers in the North Sea reduces the potential catches for fishermen. This reduces the earnings they make from their catch. This can have devastating consequences for their families, their communities and the income generated nationally. As well as the fishermen, there is a whole industry dependent on the fish which are caught. This includes people who process the fish for sale, those who run the harbour and those who make and repair fishing equipment. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 32 As a result, there would be less money available to spend on other things in the community. People would no longer be able to afford to spend money in shops and leisure activities, which could cause these to close down. The collapse of the fishing industry in these communities would affect every business in that community whether it was directly involved in fishing or not. c. Extinction Decreasing fish stocks are a global problem, which becomes a bigger issue with each passing year. This could lead to the extinction of some fish species. d. Human diet It can also have serious effects on the availability of food for humans. This has also led to people eating types of fish, and other seafood, which were not previously part of their diet. The problem for some species of fish was highlighted in the UK in 2011, in a series called ‘Hugh’s Fish Fight’. It may be useful to view some of these programmes. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/hughs-fish-fight/4od. 7. Possible solutions A variety of solutions to declining fish numbers have been proposed by different interested groups. a. Marine reserves Marine reserves are areas in the sea that are protected and not allowed to be fished. It is suggested that, by having ‘no fishing zones’, areas of the sea bed which are damaged by invasive fishing techniques will be allowed to recover. This will give protection to some species, allowing their numbers to recover and increase. At present, less than 1% of the sea surrounding the UK is protected. However, it has been suggested that making more areas protected would speed up the recovery of fish stocks. b. Reducing the number of fishing days Another suggestion is to set limits on the number of days that fishing is permitted. At present, in Alaskan waters this strategy has been very successful in allowing fish stocks to recover. However, when the restrictions were introduced, there were not enough licences for all the fishermen to keep fishing. As a result, many fishermen were forced to stop fishing. This policy requires strict and rigid enforcement to make sure that the rules are followed at all times. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 33  c. Stop fishing Some people suggest that the only way to allow fish stocks to recover is to stop commercial fishing entirely. This would lead to increases in the number of fish. However, this would remove a major food source for humans. It would also be disastrous for the many people who rely on income generated by the fishing industry. d. Quotas A controversial attempt by the European Union (EU) to resolve the problem has been the introduction of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). This sets quotas (legal limits) on the numbers of different types of fish which can be caught by each country in the EU. The quotas for catches are set based on the estimation of the number of fish there are. Also, scientists make predictions about the number which need to be left in the North Sea, so that the population can survive and breed. Fishermen’s organisations often disagree with the quotas. They argue that the limits for the quotas should be raised, so that they can make enough money to survive in the industry. Often their interpretation of the research is that the numbers which are allowed to be caught are too low. They believe that stocks of some species have already recovered to allow larger quotas to be set. You can find out more about this at www.seafish.org. The website for the fisheries section of the EU contains lots of information about the CFP. There is also, a user guide and information about how the quotas are generated. http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/index_en.htm Enforcement of fishing quotas is difficult to manage. It is claimed that sometimes more fish are caught than the quota allows. It is known that trawlers sometimes catch fish which would take the catch over their quota. In this instance, these fish may be thrown back or discarded. They are often dead before they are returned to the sea, so the quota is not helping to preserve fish numbers. This practice is highly controversial and is under review. The number of fish that are thrown back due to maximum catch quotas is given at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w6602e/w6602E08.htm#T4 Additional useful websites http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/safeguarding_the_natural_world/oceans_and _coasts/oceans_europe/sustainable_fisheries.cfm http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/6122954/EU-fisheries-minister-calls- for-an-end-to-dumping-millions-of-dead-fish.html Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 34 Administrative information Published: May 2014 (version 1.2) History of changes to Course Support Notes Course Version Description of change Authorised Date details by 1.1 Exemplar materials and resource pack Qualifications June added. Development 2013 Manager 1.2 Updates to Mandatory Course Key Qualifications June Areas, Suggested Learning Activities Manager 2014 and Exemplification of Key Areas. Amendment to assessor’s recording evidence table for Experimental Investigation for Candidate 2. Amendment to exemplification material: Candidate 3’s report. © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2014 This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies can be downloaded from SQA’s website at www.sqa.org.uk. Note: You are advised to check SQA’s website (www.sqa.org.uk) to ensure you are using the most up-to-date version. Course Support Notes for National 4 Biology Course 35 Unit Support Notes — Cell Biology (National 4) This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies of these Unit Support Notes can be downloaded from SQA’s website: www.sqa.org.uk. Please refer to the note of changes at the end of this document for details of changes from previous version (where applicable). Introduction These support notes are not mandatory. They provide advice and guidance on approaches to delivering and assessing the Cell Biology (National 4) Unit. They are intended for teachers and lecturers who are delivering this Unit. They should be read in conjunction with:  the Unit Specification  the Course Specification  Added Value Unit Specification  the Course Support Notes  appropriate assessment support materials Unit Support Notes for Biology: Cell Biology (National 4) Unit 37 General guidance on the Unit Aims The general aim of this Unit is to develop skills of scientific inquiry, investigation and analytical thinking, along with knowledge and understanding of cell biology. Learners will apply these skills when considering the applications of cell biology on our lives, as well as the implications on society/the environment. This can be done by using a variety of approaches, including investigation and problem solving. The Unit covers the key areas of:  Cell division and its role in growth and repair  DNA, genes and chromosomes  Therapeutic use of cells  Properties of enzymes and use in industries  Properties of microorganisms and use in industries  Photosynthesis — limiting factors  Factors affecting respiration  Controversial biological procedures Learners will research issues, apply scientific skills and communicate information related to their findings, which will develop skills of scientific literacy. Progression into this Unit Entry to this Unit is at the discretion of the centre. However, learners would normally be expected to have attained the skills, knowledge and understanding required by the following or equivalent qualifications and/or experience:  National 3 Biology Course There may also be progression from National 3 Chemistry, National 3 Environmental Science, National 3 Physics or National 3 Science Courses. Skills, knowledge and understanding covered in this Unit Information about skills, knowledge and understanding is given in the National 4 Biology Course Support Notes. If this Unit is being delivered on a free-standing basis, teachers and lecturers should cover the mandatory skills and key areas in ways which are most appropriate for delivery in their centres. Progression from this Unit This Unit may provide progression to:  Other qualifications in Biology  Further study, employment and/or training Unit Support Notes for Biology: Cell Biology (National 4) Unit 38 Approaches to learning and teaching Approaches to learning and teaching and suggested learning activities are covered in the Course Support Notes. Developing skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work Information about developing skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work in this Unit, is given in the relevant Course Support Notes. Approaches to assessment and gathering evidence The purpose of this section is to give advice on approaches to assessment for the Unit. There will be other documents produced for centres to provide exemplification of assessments and guidance on how to write them. Approaches to the assessment of a Unit when it forms part of a Course may differ from approaches to assessing the same Unit when it is not being delivered as part of a Course. If an integrated approach to Course delivery is chosen, then there may be opportunities for combining assessment across Units. Assessments must be valid, reliable and fit for purpose for the subject and level, and should fit in with learning and teaching approaches. Unit assessment should support learning and teaching and, where possible, enable personalisation and choice for learners in assessment methods and processes. Teachers and lecturers should select the assessment methods they believe are most appropriate, taking into account the needs of their learners and the requirements of the Unit. There is no mandatory order for delivery of the Outcomes. These should be overtaken throughout the Unit and are an integral part of learning and teaching. The table below gives guidance and advice on possible approaches to assessment and gathering evidence: Strategies for gathering evidence There may be opportunities in the day-to-day delivery of the Units in a Course to observe learners providing evidence, which satisfies completely, or partially, a Unit or Units. This is naturally occurring evidence and can be recorded as evidence for an Outcome or parts of an Outcome. In some cases, additional evidence may also be required to supplement and confirm the naturally occurring evidence. Approaches to assessment might cover the whole Unit or be combined across Outcomes. A holistic approach can enrich the assessment process for the learner by bringing together different Outcomes and/or Assessment Standards. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Cell Biology (National 4) Unit 39 If a holistic approach is used, then it is necessary to be able to track individual Assessment Standard evidence. Strategies for gathering evidence and ensuring that the learners’ work is their own could include:  personal interviews during which the teacher or lecturer can ask additional questions about completed work  an oral presentation on their work  writing reports in supervised conditions  checklists to record the authenticity  supplementary sources of evidence, such as witness testimony, film or audio clips Evidence can be gathered from classwork, experiments, investigations and/or research carried out in this Unit. It can be obtained using one or more of the strategies outlined above or by alternative methods, which could include a test of knowledge, understanding and skills. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Cell Biology (National 4) Unit 40 Equality and inclusion The Course Support Notes provide full information on equality and inclusion for this Unit. It is recognised that centres have their own duties under equality and other legislation and policy initiatives. The guidance given in these Unit Support Notes is designed to sit alongside these duties but is specific to the delivery and assessment of the Unit. Alternative approaches to Unit assessment to take account of the specific needs of learners can be used. However, the centre must be satisfied that the integrity of the assessment is maintained and where the alternative approach to assessment will, in fact, generate the necessary evidence of achievement. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Cell Biology (National 4) Unit 41 Appendix 1: Reference documents The following reference documents will provide useful information and background.  Assessment Arrangements (for disabled learners and/or those with additional support needs) — various publications are available on SQA’s website at: www.sqa.org.uk/sqa//14977.html.  Building the Curriculum 3: A framework for Learning and Teaching  Building the Curriculum 4: Skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work  Building the Curriculum 5: A framework for assessment  Course Specifications  Design Principles for National Courses  Guide to Assessment (June 2008)  Research Report 4 — Less is More: Good Practice in Reducing Assessment Time  Coursework Authenticity — a Guide for Teachers and Lecturers  Science: A Portrait of current practice in Scottish schools (Nov 2008)  SCQF Handbook: User Guide (published 2009) and SCQF level descriptors (to be reviewed during 2011 to 2012): www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/4595.html  SQA Skills Framework: Skills for Learning, Skills for Life and Skills for Work  SQA Guidelines on e-assessment for Schools  SQA Guidelines on Online Assessment for Further Education  SQA e-assessment web page: www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/5606.html Unit Support Notes for Biology: Cell Biology (National 4) Unit 42 Administrative information Published: May 2014 (version 1.1) History of changes to Unit Support Notes Unit Version Description of change Authorised Date details by 1.1 Exemplar materials and resource pack Qualifications June added. Development 2013 Manager © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2014 This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies can be downloaded from SQA’s website at www.sqa.org.uk. Note: You are advised to check SQA’s website (www.sqa.org.uk) to ensure you are using the most up-to-date version. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Cell Biology (National 4) Unit 43 Unit Support Notes — Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies of these Unit Support Notes can be downloaded from SQA’s website: www.sqa.org.uk. Please refer to the note of changes at the end of this document for details of changes from previous version (where applicable). Introduction These support notes are not mandatory. They provide advice and guidance on approaches to delivering and assessing the Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit. They are intended for teachers and lecturers who are delivering this Unit. They should be read in conjunction with:  the Unit Specification  the Course Specification  Added Value Unit Specification  the Course Support Notes  appropriate assessment support materials Unit Support Notes for Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit 45 General guidance on the Unit Aims The general aim of this Unit is to develop skills of scientific inquiry, investigation and analytical thinking, along with knowledge and understanding of multicellular organisms. Learners will apply these skills when considering the applications of multicellular organisms on our lives, as well as the implications on society/the environment. This can be done by using a variety of approaches, including investigation and problem solving. The Unit covers the key areas of:  Sexual and asexual reproduction and their importance for survival of species  Propagating and growing plants  Commercial use of plants  Genetic information  Growth and development of different organisms  Biological actions in response to internal and external changes to maintain stable body conditions Learners will research issues, apply scientific skills and communicate information related to their findings, which will develop skills of scientific literacy. Progression into this Unit Entry to this Unit is at the discretion of the centre. However, learners would normally be expected to have attained the skills, knowledge and understanding required by the following or equivalent qualifications and/or experience:  National 3 Biology Course There may also be progression from National 3 Chemistry, National 3 Environmental Science, National 3 Physics or National 3 Science Courses. Skills, knowledge and understanding covered in this Unit Information about skills, knowledge and understanding is given in the National 4 Biology Course Support Notes. If this Unit is being delivered on a free-standing basis, teachers and lecturers should cover the mandatory skills and key areas in ways which are most appropriate for delivery in their centres. Progression from this Unit This Unit may provide progression to:  Other qualifications in Biology  Further study, employment and/or training Unit Support Notes for Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit 46 Approaches to learning and teaching Approaches to learning and teaching and suggested learning activities are covered in the Course Support Notes. Developing skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work Information about developing skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work in this Unit, is given in the relevant Course Support Notes. Approaches to assessment and gathering evidence The purpose of this section is to give advice on approaches to assessment for the Unit. There will be other documents produced for centres to provide exemplification of assessments and guidance on how to write them. Approaches to the assessment of a Unit when it forms part of a Course may differ from approaches to assessing the same Unit when it is not being delivered as part of a Course. If an integrated approach to Course delivery is chosen, then there may be opportunities for combining assessment across Units. Assessments must be valid, reliable and fit for purpose for the subject and level, and should fit in with learning and teaching approaches. Unit assessment should support learning and teaching and, where possible, enable personalisation and choice for learners in assessment methods and processes. Teachers and lecturers should select the assessment methods they believe are most appropriate, taking into account the needs of their learners and the requirements of the Unit. There is no mandatory order for delivery of the Outcomes. These should be overtaken throughout the Unit and are an integral part of learning and teaching. The table below gives guidance and advice on possible approaches to assessment and gathering evidence: Strategies for gathering evidence There may be opportunities in the day-to-day delivery of the Units in a Course to observe learners providing evidence, which satisfies completely, or partially, a Unit or Units. This is naturally occurring evidence and can be recorded as evidence for an Outcome or parts of an Outcome. In some cases, additional evidence may also be required to supplement and confirm the naturally occurring evidence. Approaches to assessment might cover the whole Unit or be combined across Outcomes. A holistic approach can enrich the assessment process for the learner by bringing together different Outcomes and/or Assessment Standards. If a holistic approach is used, then it is necessary to be able to track individual Unit Support Notes for Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit 47 Assessment Standard evidence. Strategies for gathering evidence and ensuring that the learners’ work is their own could include:  personal interviews during which the teacher or lecturer can ask additional questions about completed work  an oral presentation on their work  writing reports in supervised conditions  checklists to record the authenticity  supplementary sources of evidence, such as witness testimony, film or audio clips Evidence can be gathered from classwork, experiments, investigations and/or research carried out in this Unit. It can be obtained using one or more of the strategies outlined above or by alternative methods, which could include a test of knowledge, understanding and skills. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit 48 Equality and inclusion The Course Support Notes provide full information on equality and Inclusion for this Unit. It is recognised that centres have their own duties under equality and other legislation and policy initiatives. The guidance given in these Unit Support Notes is designed to sit alongside these duties but is specific to the delivery and assessment of the Unit. Alternative approaches to Unit assessment to take account of the specific needs of learners can be used. However, the centre must be satisfied that the integrity of the assessment is maintained and where the alternative approach to assessment will, in fact, generate the necessary evidence of achievement. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit 49 Appendix 1: Reference documents The following reference documents will provide useful information and background.  Assessment Arrangements (for disabled learners and/or those with additional support needs) — various publications are available on SQA’s website at: www.sqa.org.uk/sqa//14977.html.  Building the Curriculum 3: A framework for Learning and Teaching  Building the Curriculum 4: Skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work  Building the Curriculum 5: A framework for assessment  Course Specifications  Design Principles for National Courses  Guide to Assessment (June 2008)  Research Report 4 — Less is More: Good Practice in Reducing Assessment Time  Coursework Authenticity — a Guide for Teachers and Lecturers  Science: A Portrait of current practice in Scottish schools (Nov 2008)  SCQF Handbook: User Guide (published 2009) and SCQF level descriptors (to be reviewed during 2011 to 2012): www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/4595.html  SQA Skills Framework: Skills for Learning, Skills for Life and Skills for Work  SQA Guidelines on e-assessment for Schools  SQA Guidelines on Online Assessment for Further Education  SQA e-assessment web page: www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/5606.html Unit Support Notes for Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit 50 Administrative information Published: May 2014 (version 1.1) History of changes to Unit Support Notes Unit Version Description of change Authorised Date details by 1.1 Exemplar materials and resource pack Qualifications June added. Development 2013 Manager © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2014 This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies can be downloaded from SQA’s website at www.sqa.org.uk. Note: You are advised to check SQA’s website (www.sqa.org.uk) to ensure you are using the most up-to-date version. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Multicellular Organisms (National 4) Unit 51 Unit Support Notes — Biology: Life on Earth (National 4) This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. Additional copies of these Unit Support Notes can be downloaded from SQA’s website: www.sqa.org.uk. Please refer to the note of changes at the end of this document for details of changes from previous version (where applicable). Introduction These support notes are not mandatory. They provide advice and guidance on approaches to delivering and assessing the Biology: Life on Earth (National 4) Unit. They are intended for teachers and lecturers who are delivering this Unit. They should be read in conjunction with:  the Unit Specification  the Course Specification  Added Value Unit Specification  the Course Support Notes  appropriate assessment support materials Unit Support Notes for Biology: Life on Earth (National 4) Unit 53 General guidance on the Unit Aims The general aim of this Unit is to develop skills of scientific inquiry, investigation and analytical thinking, along with knowledge and understanding of life on Earth. Learners will apply these skills when considering the applications of life on Earth on our lives, as well as the implications on society/the environment. This can be done by using a variety of approaches, including investigation and problem solving. The Unit covers the key areas of:  Animal and plants species depend on each other  Impact of population growth and natural hazards on biodiversity  Nitrogen cycle  Fertiliser design and environmental impact of fertilisers  Adaptations for survival  Learned behaviour in response to stimuli linked to species survival Learners will research issues, apply scientific skills and communicate information related to their findings, which will develop skills of scientific literacy. Progression into this Unit Entry to this Unit is at the discretion of the centre. However, learners would normally be expected to have attained the skills, knowledge and understanding required by the following or equivalent qualifications and/or experience:  National 3 Biology Course There may also be progression from National 3 Chemistry, National 3 Environmental Science, National 3 Physics or National 3 Science Courses. Skills, knowledge and understanding covered in this Unit Information about skills, knowledge and understanding is given in the National 4 Biology Course Support Notes. If this Unit is being delivered on a free-standing basis, teachers and lecturers should cover the mandatory skills and key areas in ways which are most appropriate for delivery in their centres. Progression from this Unit This Unit may provide progression to:  Other qualifications in Biology  Further study, employment and/or training Unit Support Notes for Biology: Life on Earth (National 4) Unit 54 Approaches to learning and teaching Approaches to learning and teaching and suggested learning activities are covered in the Course Support Notes. Developing skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work Information about developing skills for learning, skills for life and skills for work in this Unit, is given in the relevant Course Support Notes. Approaches to assessment and gathering evidence The purpose of this section is to give advice on approaches to assessment for the Unit. There will be other documents produced for centres to provide exemplification of assessments and guidance on how to write them. Approaches to the assessment of a Unit when it forms part of a Course may differ from approaches to assessing the same Unit when it is not being delivered as part of a Course. If an integrated approach to Course delivery is chosen, then there may be opportunities for combining assessment across Units. Assessments must be valid, reliable and fit for purpose for the subject and level, and should fit in with learning and teaching approaches. Unit assessment should support learning and teaching and, where possible, enable personalisation and choice for learners in assessment methods and processes. Teachers and lecturers should select the assessment methods they believe are most appropriate, taking into account the needs of their learners and the requirements of the Unit. There is no mandatory order for delivery of the Outcomes. These should be overtaken throughout the Unit and are an integral part of learning and teaching. The table below gives guidance and advice on possible approaches to assessment and gathering evidence: Strategies for gathering evidence There may be opportunities in the day-to-day delivery of the Units in a Course to observe learners providing evidence, which satisfies completely, or partially, a Unit or Units. This is naturally occurring evidence and can be recorded as evidence for an Outcome or parts of an Outcome. In some cases, additional evidence may also be required to supplement and confirm the naturally occurring evidence. Approaches to assessment might cover the whole Unit or be combined across Outcomes. A holistic approach can enrich the assessment process for the learner by bringing together different Outcomes and/or Assessment Standards. If a Unit Support Notes for Biology: Life on Earth (National 4) Unit 55 holistic approach is used, then it is necessary to be able to track individual Assessment Standard evidence. Strategies for gathering evidence and ensuring that the learners’ work is their own could include:  personal interviews during which the teacher or lecturer can ask additional questions about completed work  an oral presentation on their work  writing reports in supervised conditions  checklists to record the authenticity  supplementary sources of evidence, such as witness testimony, film or audio clips Evidence can be gathered from classwork, experiments, investigations and/or research carried out in this Unit. It can be obtained using one or more of the strategies outlined above or by alternative methods, which could include a test of knowledge, understanding and skills. Unit Support Notes for Biology: Life on Earth (National 4) Unit 56 Equality and inclusion The Course Support Notes provide full information on equality and Inclusion for this Unit. It is recognised that centres have their own duties under equality and other legislation and policy initiatives. The guidance given in these Unit Support Notes is designed to sit alongside these duties bu