CIV E 265 Midterm 2 PDF

Tab 1 Slide 7: Drawing Sets and Standards in AEC ❖ Construction Drawings Also known as working drawing Complete sets of drawings containing all the information required to make or build the design An important deliverable of final design with all specificatio...

Tab 1 Slide 7: Drawing Sets and Standards in AEC ❖ Construction Drawings Also known as working drawing Complete sets of drawings containing all the information required to make or build the design An important deliverable of final design with all specifications Special types of engineering drawings (aka. Technical drawings) Sealed by a licensed professional engineer By sealing a drawing, the engineer certifies that the quality of the drawing is to the best of their professional judgement Should follow all standards regulated by APEGA ❖ Construction Drawing Packages (Building Project) Building project Architectural drawings: overall shapes of building, rooms, spaces, exterior, interior Structural drawings: structural components, grade, size, structural materials Mechanical drawings: details of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, plumbing Electrical drawings Civil drawings: site grading plan, drainage, and utility layouts Landscape drawings: landscape layout Fire protection Different types of views in drawings Plan Elevation Section Reflected ceiling plan ❖ Plan A specific floor’s layout within a building Room layout (with labels) Walls Doors/windows Stairs Furniture ❖ How to Draw a Plan Q: Basically, a floor plan is Top view of a multi-view projection  Section with a horizontal cutting plane (a roof plan might be a top view, for example) 1. Imagine a floor you want to draw 2. Set a horizontal cutting plane parallel to the floor The height of the cutting plane 1200-1500mm from the floor level 3. Set view depth Range or depth represented within the plan 4. Draw a section view with the cutting plane and view depth 5. Express doors, windows, stairs, appliances, etc. with symbols ❖ Elevation Front, back, left, right views in multi-view ❖ Section In a building project, “section” means a section with a vertical cutting plane (c.f. Plan = section w/ a horizontal cutting plane) Widely used to visualize details ❖ Reflected Ceiling Plan To show locations of fixtures (lights, sprinklers, etc.) on the ceiling of a floor Imagine standing on the upper floor, looking down through a transparent ceiling, and drawing the fixtures (and walls) as they would appear Not just a bottom view! More of a mirrored version of a bottom view Maintains the same orientation as the floor plan, keeping the ceiling and floor plan aligned ❖ How to Draw Reflected Ceiling Plan 1. Imagine the ceiling of the floor you want to draw 2. Set a horizontal cutting plane parallel to the floor, but now, the view direction is up from the cutting plane The height of the cutting plane is set up to focus on stuff attached on the ceiling of the floor (around 500mm from the ceiling bottom) 3. View depth: in general, just the floor level of the above floor 4. Draw the sectional view w/ the cutting plane and view depth 5. Then, mirror the view to keep it and the floor plan oriented the same Sometimes, the plan of the floor is drawn on the reflected ceiling plan w/ less prominent lines To see the harmony between the furniture, spatial elements, and fixtures attached to the ceiling ❖ Construction Drawing Packages (Road Project) Road project Plan view: a portion of the road project from a bird’s eye view (top view) Profile view: the vertical plane section along the longitudinal centerline of the road, expressed in elevation  Good for checking the elevation changes a driver would experience while driving along the road Cross-section view: horizontal section of the road viewed vertically, as if cut across the width of the road Good for checking if there is any tilting to one side while driving, and also ensuring the proper slope for drainage Details ❖ Sheet Format Title Block Varying by company and sheet size but typical elements are Stamp by professiona engineers or licensed architects Company name Project name Who prepared/reviewed the drawing Drawing date Scale Drawing title Drawing number General notes Legend Slide 8: BIM Introduction ❖ AEC Projects: Why is it difficult to manage? AEC works are performed at unfixed locations by a temporary alliance among multiple organizations, usually in open and unstructured environments FRAGMENTATION → COMMUNICATION ❖ Building Information Modelling Process to manage BIM model, a container for collective intelligence that is created throughout the life cycle of a facility ❖ BIM Model Comprised on BIM components Carry computable graphic and data properties describing how they are built and function, as needed for analyses/works (e.g. quantity take-off energy analysis, scheduling, etc.) Automatically recognize/link those information to software applications used for the analyses/works  Design phase: based on one unified model Design coordination Manual paper or CAD-based 2D drawings overlaid on a light table or a screen VS Automated clash detection 3D drawings on a screen/in a VR environment Design phase: more intuitive visualization with VR Estimating phase: based on automated quantity take-off Construction planning: 4D simulations (easy communication between stakeholders or with public), micro 4D simulations (more feasible construction plan), 5D simulations (4D + cost) Construction phase: what is key? Accurately delivering information to whom? Cloud Management Easy access to BIM w/ mobile devices even in the field Real time communication between the field and players out of the field ❖ Challenges/Barriers of using BIM Project delivery method Contractual relationship between the owner, architect, and contractor can constraint communications and limit the open exchange of information Costs Initial investment is required for implementation (e.g. BIM featured software, trained staff) Legal issues Legal framework (responsibilities and risk allocation) is yet unsettled Organizational issues Many conservative construction practitioners Slide 9: BIM Core - Object-based Parametric Modelling ❖ Object-based parametric modeling (OPM) Definition Modeling technique that model a facility by making multiple components (objects) defined by parameters and rules to determine geometric and non-geometric features So, while modelling, what we actually do it put lines of code Compared to CAD CAD: no parameters, just lines in a digital world ❖ Early 3D Modeling: B-rep & CSG: “Parametric” B-rep (Boundary Representation)’s Concept Represented shapes as closed, oriented sets of bounded surfaces + Relation (Boolean operations: spatial union, intersection, and subtraction) CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry)’s Concept Represented shapes as a set of functions that define the primitive polyhedral + Relation (Boolean operations) ❖ Comparison Between B-rep & CSG Main difference: What is stored? B-rep: Result of the sequence of operations and object arguments making up the shape CSG: Parameters & algebraic formula defining the shape Pros B-rep: direct interaction with the shape (e.g. computing mass, rendering, animation) CSG: easy to edit, regenerate (just changing parameters) ❖ Feature-based Design: “Object-based” An item in the world generally has multiple subparts with different materials The term “features” here means multiple objects combined in an item E.g. window, door openings w/ fillers: features within a wall ❖ How to define relations between objects: Sharing parameters Multiple objects can share parameters (or geometries defined by parameters) Connected by shared parameters → connected objects behave concurrently If you widen the door → the wall opening surrounding the door will widen itself automatically The cutting box (shared parameters) changes accordingly The wall changes accordingly because of the change in the cutting box parameters Shapes can have relations with global parameters as well Types of relations Geometric relations ◆ Distances, angles Descriptive relations ◆ Coincident, parallel Equational relations ◆ parameter*2 These relations determine design behavour of a parametric model Design behaviour: how a parametric model responds and adapts to changes in input parameters or objects In general, they are mixed up ◆ Parallel with some distance which is two times more than the height of an object  “If then” ◆ E.g. if the first object’s height is more than some, the distance from the second object is… ❖ Too many objects in a facility? Predefined classes, model by calling instances A Class defines what properties its instances should have, and so we do not need to waste time to define properties of instances one by one BIM software provide predefined object classes (called object library or family) Knowledge about facilities/civil engineering are reflected in pre-defined parameters, relations in different classes E.g. wall, ceiling, window, steel beam, earth, drive pavement, bridge column, tunnel arch, etc. We model by adding instances and if needed, specifying pre-defined properties on them (Parametric Assembly Modeling) Much faster than making every object from scratch Way to call/add an instance is also well defined according to the class Examples of BIM tools’ interface to call difference instances ❖ Sometimes, user-defined objects are needed Exceptional objects that do not follow the standard conventions reflected in the pre-defined classes In these cases, we can Define a totally new object from scratch Or make a new class by modifying one pre-defined class ❖ Properties beyond Parametric Shapes Objects carry various properties to be interpreted, analyzed, priced, and procured by other applications across the whole life cycle of a project Design-related  Estimating and purchase related Construction-related Maintenance-related These properties are already well defined in the pre-defined object classes Generally, a property is used for multiple purposes Generally, properties are used together → property “sets” in an object Slide 10: Drawing Generation and BIM Applications ❖ Drawing Generations in BIM Why do we still need drawings in a BIM project? Existing contractual processes are based on 2D drawings (lack of BIM mandate in contracts) Work cultures are accustomed to 2D drawings (many practitioners are still more familiar with 2D drawings) Still papers are easiest to carry at construction sites BIM is great in managing/extracting drawings With BIM, each object instance is represented only once (CAD: you draw an object multiple times in different views) Based on arrangement of object instances, drawings, reports, and datasets are “extracted” Drawings, reports, and datasets are consistent No inconsistencies among drawings Even bi-directional editing is possible If you edit some in a drawing, the change propagates to the model, and thus to other drawings Ex. Changing a wall’s location on the 2nd floor Editing it from the floor plan Checking the change in the 3D model and related drawings (a section) Ex. Removing a wall Editing it from the floor plan Checking the change in the 3D model and related schedule ❖ Different notions related to BIM Apllications BIM Platforms A core BIM information generator based on the parametric object-based modeling capability (Civil3D, Revit) BIM Tools A BIM information reciever and processor used within a BIM process  3D rendering tools, structure/thermal analysis tools, construction management tools (even Excel) BIM Applications: both platforms and tools BIM Environments A set of BIM applications supporting multiple information and process pipelines in a project Encompassing BIM tools, platforms, servers, libraries, and work flows ❖ Different BIM Applications BIM Platforms (model generators) Civil3D Revit Digital Project Tekla Structures Smartplant 3D BIM Tools (model review, construction management) Navisworks  Procore BIM and BIM360 ❖ Civil3D (Autodesk) Specifically designed for infrastructure projects Roads, land development, bridges, tunnels, dams Dominating the market Pros and cons Nearly no alternative Mastering it takes time ❖ Revit Most widely applied building BIM modeling application Most popular among residential and commercial buildings Pros Organized and intuitive interface Extensive pre-defined class libraries (for typical buildings) Interoperable with a wide range of BIM platforms and tools such as Civil 3D and AutoCAD Cons Limited support for complex curved shapes In memory system→ slow down with large projects ❖ Digital Project (Gehry Tech. → Trimble) Great choice for complexly shaped unusual facilities Developed based on CATIA (parametric modeling platform in aerospace and automotive industries) Pros Great to model very complex shapes Can incorporate complex rules and codes (good for automated generative designs Must less laggy even with a large project (due to its superior 3D engine) Cons Complex user interface, hard to learn Limited predefined class libraries Less straightforward interoperations with other widely used BIM tools in the AEC industry ❖ Tekla Structures (Tekla Corp. → Trimble) For detailed design, analysis, and documentation of structural elements For all kinds of projects Used with other main BIM platforms (like Revit and Digital Projects) Pros Great to model very complex structural elements Extensive libraries for structural elements  Structural analyses are embedded Cons Takes long time to master Limited in dealing with irregular shapes ❖ SmartPlant 3D (SP3D, Hexagon PPM) For modeling plants (industrial projects such as power plants, mining/gas, etc.) Extensive libraries covering industrial projects (e.g. gas turbine, generators, pipes, etc.) Superior 3D engine to model large facilities (typical in an industrial project) Automated optimal designs (for pipeline routes, locations for equipment, etc.) ❖ Navisworks (Autodesk) A multipurpose design/construction management tool Tools for model review, clash detention, 4D/5D simulation Light application, so that we can view a large project without high computational power ❖ Cloud Systems for the Construction Phases (e.g. Procore, Autodesk BIM360/Build) BIM-based construction management unified platforms w/ mobile accessibility, covering typical management activities, such as Document management Real-time communication while viewing models Issuing/managing Request for Information (RFI) Managing daily logs, punch lists, site photos, videos Budget tracking