CARBOHYDRATES-CHIRALITY OF MOLECULES.pdf

WELCOME TO BIOCHEMISTRY JANET CONSORTE INSTRUCTOR  INDEX CARD Individual 1/8 white index card Name (Last Name, First Name) Nickname Section One 1x1 photo What is BIOCHEMISTRY? What do you expect we will be...

WELCOME TO BIOCHEMISTRY JANET CONSORTE INSTRUCTOR  INDEX CARD Individual 1/8 white index card Name (Last Name, First Name) Nickname Section One 1x1 photo What is BIOCHEMISTRY? What do you expect we will be doing in this course? Give examples of everyday situations or scenarios where knowledge of Biochemistry would be useful. Up Next:  Section 18.1 Biochemistry—An Overview BIOCHEMISTRY - Chemistry of Living beings - Chemical Basis of Life Return to TOC Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 7  Section 18.1 Biochemistry—An Overview “The study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other.” Return to TOC Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 8  Section 18.1 Biochemistry—An Overview “Life” in Biochemistry ❑ Biochemical reactions and Biochemical processes -Protein Synthesis - Hydrolysis (water used to break down the chemical bonds of a particular substance) ❑ Occurring in living cells of organisms. Return to TOC Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 9  Section 18.1 Biochemistry—An Overview BIOINORGANIC Water (about 70%) SUBSTANCES Do not contain Inorganic salts carbon (about 5%) BIOCHEMICAL chemical substances found within a living organism. SUBSTANCES Proteins (about 15%) BIOORGANIC Lipids (about 8%) SUBSTANCES Carbohydrates (about 2%) Contain carbon Nucleic Acids (about 2%) Return to TOC Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 10  Section 18.1 Biochemistry—An Overview Bioinorganic and Bioorganic Substances As isolated compounds, bioinorganic and bioorganic substances have no life in and of themselves Return to TOC Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 11  Section 18.1 Biochemistry—An Overview Let’s check your understanding! Return to TOC Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 12  Section 18.1 Biochemistry—An Overview Biochemistry, the study of the chemical substances of living organisms, includes the study of: a.carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and salts. b.carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and organic salts. c.carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. d.carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Return to TOC Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 13 Occurrence and function of Carbohydrates  CARBOHYDRATES The most abundant class of biomolecules on planet Earth. Constitute about 75% by mass of dry plant materials. Being produced via Photosynthesis.  CARBOHYDRATES How do plants use carbohydrates?  CARBOHYDRATES: FUNCTIONS IN HUMANS 1. Carbohydrates oxidation provides energy. 2. Carbohydrates storage, in the form of glycogen, provides a short-term energy reserve. 3. Carbohydrates supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). 4. Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules. 5. Carbohydrates linked to lipids are structural component of cell membranes. 6. Carbohydrates linked to proteins functions in a variety of cell-cell and cell-molecule recognition process. Classification of Carbohydrates  CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES General formula: ¨Hydrate of carbon¨ Carbohydrate is a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compone that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes, or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis, CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES  CLASSIFICATION: ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR SIZE  CLASSIFICATION: ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR SIZE  CLASSIFICATION: ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR SIZE Chirality: Handedness in Molecule CHIRALITY: HANDEDNESS IN MOLECULE CHIRALITY: HANDEDNESS IN MOLECULE CHIRALITY: MIRROR IMAGE ❖ ❖ CHIRALITY: MIRROR IMAGE WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT A MOLECULE POSSESS HANDEDNESS? WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT A MOLECULE POSSESS HANDEDNESS? WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT A MOLECULE POSSESS HANDEDNESS? WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT A MOLECULE POSSESS HANDEDNESS? WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT A MOLECULE POSSESS HANDEDNESS? WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT A MOLECULE POSSESS HANDEDNESS? WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT A MOLECULE POSSESS HANDEDNESS? GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFYING CHIRAL CENTER sp3 sp hybridization 3 of Carbon bonded to four other atoms the hybridization Bonding takes place between 1 s-orbital with two p orbitals. There is a formation of two single bonds and one double bond between three atoms. bound to two other atoms with the help of two double bonds or one single and one triple bond sp hybridization 3 of Carbon IDENTIFYING CHIRAL CENTER IDENTIFYING CHIRAL CENTER IMPORTANCE OF CHIRALITY