Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology 4th Edition PDF

 CAMPBELL FOURTH EDITION Eric J. Simon New England College...

 CAMPBELL FOURTH EDITION Eric J. Simon New England College Jean L. Dickey Clemson University Jane B. Reece Berkeley, California Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Michael Young Senior Photo Editor: Donna Kalal Editor-in-Chief: Beth Wilbur Photo Researcher: Kristin Piljay Executive Director of Development: Deborah Gale Manager, Rights and Permissions: Beth Wollar Executive Editor: Chalon Bridges Manufacturing Buyer: Michael Penne Senior Editorial Manager: Ginnie Simione Jutson Director of Media Development: Lauren Fogel Development Editors: Evelyn Dahlgren, Debbie Hardin, Senior Media Producer: Jonathan Ballard Kim Krummel Associate Media Project Manager (IRDVD): Shannon Kong Senior Supplements Project Editor: Susan Berge Associate Web Developer: Pete Ratkevich Associate Editor: Logan Triglia Director of Editorial Content, MasteringBiology®: Natania Mlawer Editorial Assistant: Rachel Brickner Development Editor, MasteringBiology®: Sarah Jensen Director of Production: Erin Gregg Project Editor, Mastering Biology®: Juliana Tringali Managing Editor: Michael Early Senior Mastering Media Producer: Katie Foley Assistant Managing Editor: Shannon Tozier Director of Marketing: Christy Lesko Supplements Production Project Manager: Jane Brundage Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp Production Management and Composition: Executive Marketing Manager, Mastering: Scott Dustan S4Carlisle Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Lauren Rodgers Illustrations: Precision Graphics Text Printer: Courier Kendallville Design Manager and Interior Designer: Marilyn Perry Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Cover Designer: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Cover Photo Credit: Igor Siwanowicz/Fame Pictures, Inc.; African Mega Mantis, Plistospilota guineensis male Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page A-5. 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MasteringBiology™ is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Simon, Eric J. (Eric Jeffrey), 1967- Campbell essential biology with physiology / Eric J. Simon, Jane B. Reece, Jean L. Dickey.--4th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77260-2 ISBN-10: 0-321-77260-1 1. Biology--Textbooks. 2. Physiology--Textbooks. 3. Plant physiology--Textbooks. I. Reece, Jane B. II. Dickey, Jean. III. Title. QH308.2.C344 2013 570--dc23 2011038831 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRK—16 15 14 13 12 ISBN 10: 0-321-77260-1; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-77260-2 (Student edition) ISBN 10: 0-321-78825-7; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-78825-2 (Books à la Carte edition) Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, www.pearsonhighered.com London WC2R ORL.  ABOUT THE AUTHORS About the Authors ERIC J. SIMON JANE B. REECE is an associate professor in the Department of has worked in biology publishing since 1978, Biology and Health Science at New England when she joined the editorial staff of Benjamin College, in Henniker, New Hampshire. He Cummings. Her education includes an A.B. in teaches introductory biology to science majors biology from Harvard University (where she and nonscience majors, as well as upper-level was initially a philosophy major), an M.S. in courses in genetics, microbiology, tropical microbiology from Rutgers University, and marine biology, and careers in science. a Ph.D. in bacteriology from the University Dr. Simon received a B.A. in biology and of California, Berkeley. At UC Berkeley, and computer science and an M.A. in biology from Wesleyan University later as a postdoctoral fellow in genetics at Stanford University, her and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Harvard University. His research research focused on genetic recombination in bacteria. Dr. Reece taught focuses on innovative ways to use technology to improve teaching biology at Middlesex County College (New Jersey) and Queensborough and learning in the science classroom, particularly for nonscience Community College (New York). During her 12 years as an editor at majors. Dr. Simon is also a coauthor of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Benjamin Cummings, she played a major role in a number of successful Connections, 7th Edition. textbooks. She is the lead author of Campbell Biology, 9th Edition, and To Marshall, an intellectual role model, a source of data and wisdom, Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 7th Edition. an organizational tour de force, a hardcore bicyclist, a bona fide To my wonderful coauthors, who have made working on our books Deadhead, a great father, and one cool dude a pleasure JEAN L. DICKEY NEIL A. CAMPBELL is a professor of biology at Clemson University (1946–2004) combined the inquiring nature in South Carolina. She had no idea that science of a research scientist with the soul of a was interesting until her senior year in high caring teacher. Over his 30 years of teaching school, when a scheduling problem landed her introductory biology to both science majors in an advanced biology course. Abandoning and nonscience majors, many thousands of plans to study English or foreign languages, she students had the opportunity to learn from enrolled in Kent State University as a biology him and be stimulated by his enthusiasm for major. After receiving her B.S. in biology, the study of life. While he is greatly missed by she went on to earn a Ph.D. in ecology and evolution from Purdue his many friends in the biology community, University. Since joining the faculty at Clemson in 1984, Dr. Dickey has his coauthors remain inspired by his visionary dedication to education specialized in teaching nonscience majors, including a course designed and are committed to searching for ever-better ways to engage students for pre-service elementary teachers and workshops for in-service in the wonders of biology. teachers. She also developed an investigative laboratory curriculum for general biology. Dr. Dickey is the author of Laboratory Investigations for Biology, 2nd Edition, and is a coauthor of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 7th Edition. To my mother, who taught me to love learning, and to my daughters Katherine and Jessie, the twin delights of my life iii DETAILED CONTENTS Detailed Contents 1 Introduction: Biology Today CHAPTER THREAD: BIOLOGY IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Biology All Around Us 2 3 The Scope of Life 4 The Properties of Life 4 Life at Its Many Levels 4 Life in Its Diverse Forms 8 Evolution: Biology’s Unifying Theme 10 The Darwinian View of Life 10 Natural Selection 11 The Process of Science 14 Discovery Science 14 Hypothesis-Driven Science 14 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Are Trans Fats Bad for You? 15 Theories in Science 16 The Culture of Science 17 Science, Technology, and Society 17 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Evolution in Our Everyday Lives 18 iv  DETAILED CONTENTS UNIT 1: Cells 4 A Tour of the Cell CHAPTER THREAD: ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA 54 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology CHAPTER THREAD: LIFE’S DEPENDENCE ON WATER BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY More Precious than Gold 22 23 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Antibiotics: Drugs that Target Bacterial Cells The Microscopic World of Cells Microscopes as Windows on the World of Cells The Two Major Categories of Cells An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells 55 56 56 58 59 Some Basic Chemistry 24 Matter: Elements and Compounds 24 Membrane Structure 60 The Plasma Membrane: A Fluid Mosaic of Lipids Atoms 25 and Proteins 60 Chemical Bonding and Molecules 27 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Chemical Reactions 28 What Makes a Superbug? 61 Water and Life 29 Cell Surfaces 61 Water’s Life-Supporting Properties 29 The Nucleus and Ribosomes: THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Genetic Control of the Cell 62 Can Exercise Boost Your Brain Power? 31 Structure and Function of the Nucleus 62 Acids, Bases, and pH 32 Ribosomes 63 EVOLUTION CONNECTION How DNA Directs Protein Production 63 The Search for Extraterrestrial Life 33 The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products 64 The Endoplasmic Reticulum 64 The Golgi Apparatus 65 3 Lysosomes 66 The Molecules of Life 36 Vacuoles 67 CHAPTER THREAD: LACTOSE INTOLERANCE Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Energy Conversion 68 Chloroplasts 68 Mitochondria 68 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Got Lactose? 37 The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement 69 Maintaining Cell Shape 69 Organic Compounds 38 Cilia and Flagella 70 Carbon Chemistry 38 Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks 39 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance 71 Large Biological Molecules 40 Carbohydrates 40 Lipids 43 Proteins 46 Nucleic Acids 49 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis? 51 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans 51 v DETAILED CONTENTS 5 The Working Cell CHAPTER THREAD: NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Harnessing Cellular Structures 74 75 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food CHAPTER THREAD: AEROBIC VERSUS ANAEROBIC LIFESTYLES BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters 90 91 Some Basic Energy Concepts 76 Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Conservation of Energy 76 Producers and Consumers 92 Entropy 77 Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Chemical Energy 77 Respiration 92 Food Calories 78 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 ATP and Cellular Work 79 The Simplified Equation for Cellular Respiration 94 The Structure of ATP 79 The Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration 95 Phosphate Transfer 79 An Overview of Cellular Respiration 96 The ATP Cycle 80 The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration 97 The Results of Cellular Respiration 100 Enzymes 80 Activation Energy 80 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells 101 Can Enzymes Be Engineered? 81 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Induced Fit 82 What Causes Muscle Burn? 102 Enzyme Inhibitors 82 Fermentation in Microorganisms 102 Membrane Function 83 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes 83 Life before and after Oxygen 103 Osmosis and Water Balance 84 Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes 86 Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules 86 The Role of Membranes in Cell Signaling 87 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Origin of Membranes 87 vi  DETAILED CONTENTS 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food CHAPTER THREAD: GREEN ENERGY 106 UNIT 2: Genetics BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Biofuels The Basics of Photosynthesis Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis The Simplified Equation for Photosynthesis A Photosynthesis Road Map 107 108 108 109 110 8 Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells CHAPTER THREAD: LIFE WITH AND WITHOUT SEX BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Virgin Birth of a Dragon 120 121 What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes 122 The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy 110 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis 123 The Nature of Sunlight 110 Eukaryotic Chromosomes 123 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE The Cell Cycle 125 What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis? 111 Mitosis and Cytokinesis 126 Chloroplast Pigments 112 Cancer Cells: Growing Out of Control 128 How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy 112 Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction 130 How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH 113 Homologous Chromosomes 130 The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide 115 Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism 131 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Process of Meiosis 132 Solar-Driven Evolution 115 Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis 134 The Origins of Genetic Variation 135 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do All Animals Have Sex? 137 When Meiosis Goes Awry 138 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Advantages of Sex 140 vii DETAILED CONTENTS 9 Patterns of Inheritance CHAPTER THREAD: DOG BREEDING BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Our Longest-Running Genetic Experiment: Dogs 144 145 10 The Structure and Function of DNA BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Mix-and-Match Viruses 172 CHAPTER THREAD: THE DEADLIEST VIRUS 173 Heritable Variation and Patterns of Inheritance 146 DNA: Structure and Replication 174 In an Abbey Garden 146 DNA and RNA Structure 174 Mendel’s Law of Segregation 147 Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix 175 Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 150 DNA Replication 177 Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype 152 The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA The Rules of Probability 152 to RNA to Protein 178 Family Pedigrees 153 How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype 178 Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene 154 From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview 179 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE The Genetic Code 180 What Is the Genetic Basis of Coat Variation in Dogs? 157 Transcription: From DNA to RNA 181 Variations on Mendel’s Laws 158 The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA 182 Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People 158 Translation: The Players 182 ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Translation: The Process 184 Codominance 159 Review: DNA ➞ RNA ➞ Protein 185 Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease 160 Mutations 186 Polygenic Inheritance 160 Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents 188 The Role of Environment 161 Bacteriophages 188 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 162 Plant Viruses 190 Linked Genes 163 Animal Viruses 190 Genetic Recombination: Crossing Over 163 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Linkage Maps 164 Do Flu Vaccines Protect the Elderly? 192 Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes 165 HIV, the AIDS Virus 192 Sex Determination in Humans 165 Viroids and Prions 194 Sex-Linked Genes 165 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Emerging Viruses 194 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree 167 viii  DETAILED CONTENTS 11 How Genes Are Controlled BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Tobacco’s Smoking Gun CHAPTER THREAD: CANCER 198 199 12 DNA Technology CHAPTER THREAD: DNA PROFILING BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY DNA, Guilt, and Innocence 218 219 How and Why Genes Are Regulated 200 Recombinant DNA Technology 220 Patterns of Gene Expression in Differentiated Cells 200 Applications: From Humulin to Foods to “Pharm” Animals 220 Gene Regulation in Bacteria 200 Recombinant DNA Techniques 222 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells 202 DNA Profiling and Forensic Science 226 Cell Signaling 205 Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA 226 Homeotic Genes 205 DNA Profiling Techniques 227 DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression 206 Genomics and Proteomics 230 Cloning Plants and Animals 207 The Human Genome Project 230 The Genetic Potential of Cells 207 Tracking the Anthrax Killer 231 Reproductive Cloning of Animals 208 Genome-Mapping Techniques 232 Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells 210 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Genomics Cure Cancer? 233 The Genetic Basis of Cancer 211 Proteomics 233 Genes That Cause Cancer 211 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Human Gene Therapy 234 Are Childhood Tumors Special? 212 Safety and Ethical Issues 235 Cancer Risk and Prevention 214 The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods 235 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Ethical Questions Raised by DNA Technology 236 The Evolution of Cancer in the Body 215 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Y Chromosome as a Window on History 237 ix DETAILED CONTENTS UNIT 3: Evolution and Diversity 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves CHAPTER THREAD: MASS EXTINCTIONS 268 13 How Populations Evolve BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY CHAPTER THREAD: EVOLUTION IN ACTION Mosquitoes, Microbes, and Malaria 242 243 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Sixth Mass Extinction The Origin of Species What Is a Species? Reproductive Barriers between Species Mechanisms of Speciation 269 270 271 272 274 What Is the Pace of Speciation? 277 Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species 244 Darwin’s Cultural and Scientific Context 245 The Evolution of Biological Novelty 278 Descent with Modification 247 Adaptation of Old Structures for New Functions 278 Evo-Devo: Development and Evolutionary Novelty 279 Evidence of Evolution 248 The Fossil Record 248 Earth History and Macroevolution 280 Biogeography 249 Geologic Time and the Fossil Record 280 Comparative Anatomy 250 Plate Tectonics and Macroevolution 283 Comparative Embryology 251 Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life 284 Molecular Biology 251 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did a Meteor Kill the Dinosaurs? 284 Natural Selection 252 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 252 Classifying the Diversity of Life 285 Some Basics of Taxonomy 285 Natural Selection in Action 253 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Classification and Phylogeny 286 Does Predation Drive the Evolution of Lizard Horn Length? 254 Classification: A Work in Progress 288 Evolutionary Trees 255 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Modern Synthesis: Darwinism Meets Genetics 256 Rise of the Mammals 289 Populations as the Units of Evolution 256 Genetic Variation in Populations 257 Analyzing Gene Pools 258 15 Population Genetics and Health Science 259 Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool 259 The Evolution Mechanisms of Evolution 260 of Microbial Life 292 Genetic Drift 260 CHAPTER THREAD: HOW LIFE BEGAN Gene Flow 262 Natural Selection: A Closer Look 262 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Sexual Selection 264 Has Life Been Created in the Lab? 293 Major Episodes in the History of Life 294 EVOLUTION CONNECTION An Evolutionary Response to Malaria 265 The Origin of Life 296 Resolving the Biogenesis Paradox 296 A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life 296 x  DETAILED CONTENTS 17 The Evolution of Animals THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Biological Monomers Form Spontaneously? 297 336 From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution 298 CHAPTER THREAD: HUMAN EVOLUTION Prokaryotes 299 They’re Everywhere! 299 The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes 300 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: The Discovery of the Hobbit People 337 Bacteria and Archaea 302 The Origins of Animal Diversity 338 Bacteria and Disease 303 What Is an Animal? 338 The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes 305 Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion 339 Protists 306 Animal Phylogeny 340 The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells 306 Major Invertebrate Phyla 341 The Diversity of Protists 307 Sponges 341 Cnidarians 342 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Origin of Multicellular Life 311 Molluscs 343 Flatworms 344 Annelids 345 16 Roundworms 346 Plants, Fungi, and the Arthropods 347 Move onto Land 314 Echinoderms 353 CHAPTER THREAD: PLANT-FUNGUS SYMBIOSIS Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity 354 Characteristics of Chordates 354 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Fishes 356 The Diamond of the Kitchen 315 Amphibians 357 Colonizing Land 316 Reptiles 358 Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants 316 Mammals 360 The Origin of Plants from Green Algae 318 The Human Ancestry 361 Plant Diversity 318 The Evolution of Primates 361 Highlights of Plant Evolution 318 The Emergence of Humankind 363 Bryophytes 319 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Ferns 321 Who Were the Hobbit People? 365 Gymnosperms 322 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Angiosperms 324 Are We Still Evolving? 367 Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource 327 Fungi 328 Characteristics of Fungi 329 The Ecological Impact of Fungi 330 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did a Fungus Lead to the Salem Witch Hunt? 331 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis 332 xi DETAILED CONTENTS UNIT 4: Ecology 19 Population Ecology CHAPTER THREAD: BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 402 18 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Penguins and Polar Bears in Peril 372 CHAPTER THREAD: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 373 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Invasion of the Lionfish An Overview of Population Ecology Population Density Population Age Structure Life Tables and Survivorship Curves 403 404 405 405 406 An Overview of Ecology 374 Life History Traits as Evolutionary Adaptations 406 Ecology and Environmentalism 374 A Hierarchy of Interactions 375 Population Growth Models 408 The Exponential Population Growth Model: Living in Earth’s Diverse Environments 376 The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment 408 Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere 376 The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms 378 The Reality of a Limited Environment 409 Adjusting to Environmental Variability 378 Regulation of Population Growth 410 Biomes 380 Applications of Population Ecology 412 Freshwater Biomes 380 Conservation of Endangered Species 412 Marine Biomes 382 Sustainable Resource Management 412 How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution 384 Invasive Species 413 Terrestrial Biomes 385 Biological Control of Pests 414 The Water Cycle 391 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Human Impact on Biomes 392 Can Biological Control Defeat Kudzu? 415 Integrated Pest Management 416 Global Climate Change 394 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 394 Human Population Growth 417 The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases 395 The History of Human Population Growth 417 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Age Structures 418 How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution? 396 Our Ecological Footprint 419 Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems 397 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Looking to Our Future 398 Humans as an Invasive Species 421 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection 399 xii  DETAILED CONTENTS 20 Communities and Ecosystems CHAPTER THREAD: BIODIVERSITY IN DECLINE 424 UNIT 5: Animal Structure and Function BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Why Biodiversity Matters The Loss of Biodiversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity 425 426 426 426 427 21 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function CHAPTER THREAD: CONTROLLING BODY TEMPERATURE BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY 454 Causes of Declining Biodiversity 427 An Avoidable Tragedy 455 Community Ecology 428 The Structural Organization of Animals 456 Interspecific Interactions 428 Form Fits Function 456 Trophic Structure 432 Tissues 457 Species Diversity in Communities 435 Organs and Organ Systems 461 Disturbances in Communities 436 Ecological Succession 436 Exchanges with the External Environment 464 Ecosystem Ecology 437 Regulating the Internal Environment 465 Homeostasis 465 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 438 Negative and Positive Feedback 466 Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems 440 Thermoregulation 467 Conservation and Restoration Biology 444 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Biodiversity “Hot Spots” 444 How Does a Python Warm Her Eggs? 468 Conservation at the Ecosystem Level 445 Osmoregulation 468 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Homeostasis in the Urinary System 469 How Does Tropical Forest Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity? 446 Restoring Ecosystems 447 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Adaptations for Thermoregulation 471 The Goal of Sustainable Development 448 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Can Biophilia Save Biodiversity? 448 xiii DETAILED CONTENTS 22 Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER THREAD: CONTROLLING YOUR WEIGHT BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The “Secret” to Shedding Pounds 474 475 23 Circulation and Respiration BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Avoiding “The Wall” CHAPTER THREAD: ATHLETIC ENDURANCE 494 495 Overview of Animal Nutrition 476 Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation 496 Animal Diets 476 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems 496 The Four Stages of Food Processing 476 The Human Cardiovascular System 497 Digestive Compartments 478 The Path of Blood 497 A Tour of the Human Digestive System 479 How the Heart Works 499 System Map 479 Blood Vessels 500 The Mouth 479 Blood 503 The Pharynx 480 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE The Esophagus 480 Live High, Train Low? 504 The Stomach 480 Cardiovascular Disease 506 The Small Intestine 482 Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration 507 The Large Intestine 484 The Structure and Function of Respiratory Surfaces 507 Human Nutritional Requirements 485 The Human Respiratory System 509 Food as Fuel 485 The Structure and Function of the Human Food as Building Material 486 Respiratory System 510 Decoding Food Labels 488 Taking a Breath 511 The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport 512 Nutritional Disorders 489 How Smoking Affects the Lungs 512 Malnutrition 489 Obesity 490 EVOLUTION CONNECTION THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Evolving Endurance 513 Can a Gene Make You Fat? 490 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Fat and Sugar Cravings 491 xiv  DETAILED CONTENTS 24 The Body’s Defenses BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY CHAPTER THREAD: HIV AND AIDS The Elusive Search for an AIDS Vaccine 516 517 26 Reproduction and Development BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Life after Death CHAPTER THREAD: HIGH-TECH BABIES 550 551 Innate Defenses 518 Unifying Concepts of Animal Reproduction 552 External Innate Defenses 518 Asexual Reproduction 552 Internal Innate Defenses 519 Sexual Reproduction 553 The Lymphatic System 520 Human Reproduction 554 Adaptive Defenses 521 Male Reproductive Anatomy 554 Recognizing the Invaders 522 Female Reproductive Anatomy 555 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Gametogenesis 556 How Was HIV First Linked to AIDS? 523 The Female Reproductive Cycle 558 Responding to the Invaders 524 Reproductive Health 559 Immune Disorders 528 Contraception 559 Allergies 528 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 560 Autoimmune Diseases 529 Immunodeficiency Diseases 529 Human Development 562 Fertilization 562 AIDS 530 Basic Concepts of Embryonic Development 563 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Pregnancy and Early Development 564 HIV Evolution 530 The Stages of Pregnancy 566 Childbirth 568 Reproductive Technologies 568 Infertility 568 25 In Vitro Fertilization 569 Hormones 534 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE CHAPTER THREAD: STEROID ABUSE Can Viable Embryos Be Identified? 569 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The “Grandmother Hypothesis” 570 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Sluggers and Steroids 535 Hormones: An Overview 536 The Human Endocrine System 538 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 540 The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 541 The Pancreas 543 The Adrenal Glands 544 The Gonads 546 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do ’Roids Cause Rage? 546 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Steroids and Male Aggression 547 xv DETAILED CONTENTS 27 Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems CHAPTER THREAD: EXTRAHUMAN SENSES 574 UNIT 6: Plant Structure and Function BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Seismic Sense of Elephants An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems Organization of Nervous Systems Neurons Sending a Signal through a Neuron 575 576 576 576 577 28 The Life of a Flowering Plant CHAPTER THREAD: AGRICULTURE AND PEOPLE BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Buzz on Coffee Plants 604 605 Passing a Signal from a Neuron to a Receiving Cell 579 The Structure and Function of a Flowering Plant 606 The Human Nervous System: A Closer Look 581 Monocots and Dicots 606 The Central Nervous System 581 Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves 607 The Peripheral Nervous System 582 Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems 610 The Human Brain 583 Plant Cells 611 The Senses 587 Plant Growth 613 Sensory Input 587 Primary Growth: Lengthening 613 Vision 588 Secondary Growth: Thickening 614 Hearing 592 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke? 616 Locomotor Systems 593 The Skeletal System 594 The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant 617 The Muscular System 596 The Flower 617 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Overview of the Flowering Plant Life Cycle 618 How Do New Senses Arise? 598 Pollination and Fertilization 618 Stimulus and Response: Putting It All Together 599 Seed Formation 619 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Fruit Formation 620 Seeing UV 599 Seed Germination 620 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Problem of the Disappearing Bees 621 xvi  DETAILED CONTENTS 29 The Working Plant BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY CHAPTER THREAD: THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISMS Planting Hope in the Wake of Disaster 624 625 Appendices A: Metric Conversion Table B: The Periodic Table C: Credits D: Self-Quiz Answers A-1 A-3 A-5 A-11 How Plants Acquire and Transport Nutrients 626 Plant Nutrition 626 Glossary G-1 From the Soil into the Roots 628 The Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen Nutrition 628 Index I-1 The Transport of Water 629 The Transport of Sugars 630 Plant Hormones 632 Auxins 632 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Chemical Signals Affect Plant Growth? 633 Ethylene 634 Cytokinins 634 Gibberellins 635 Abscisic Acid 635 Response to Stimuli 636 Tropisms 636 Photoperiod 636 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Plants, Mantises, and People 637 xvii  To the Student: How to use this book Each chapter is built around three features connected by a unifying thread. Other Exciting Chapter Thread Topics: Global Climate Change Cancer Athletic Endurance DNA Profiling Steroid Abuse The Deadliest Virus Controlling Your Weight Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria xviii Chapter Thread The chapter thread weaves a single compelling topic throughout the chapter. For example, here the thread is Green Energy, and you’ll find this thread consistently at the beginning, middle, and end of each chapter. Green Energy BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY relates biology to your life and interests. For example, in this chapter, you’ll learn about the types of biofuels, their sources, and their everyday uses. Green Energy THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE gives you real-world examples of how the scientific method is applied. For example, in this chapter, you’ll learn how a researcher discovered which wavelengths of light are primarily responsible for photosynthesis. Green Energy EVOLUTION CONNECTION EVOLUTION CONNECTION concludes the chapter by demonstrating how the theme of evolution runs throughout all of biology. For example, in this chapter, you’ll learn how plants have adapted in different environments. xix  Orient yourself and find content Find the chapter CHAPTER 7 you want PHOTOSYNTHESIS: USING LIGHT TO MAKE FOOD The Basics of Photosynthesis Use the tabs on the Photosynthesis is a process whereby plants, algae locations of photosynthesis. Their green color is from left-hand page and (which are protists), and certain bacteria transform light chlorophyll, a light-absorbing molecule (a pigment) in quickly locate units by energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting the color of the tabs. water as starting materials. The chemical energy pro- solar energy to chemical energy. duced via photosynthesis is stored in the bonds of sugar Chloroplasts are concentrated in the interior cells of molecules. Organisms that generate their own organic leaves (Figure 7.2), with a typical cell containing matter from inorganic ingredients are called autotrophs 30–40 chloroplasts. Carbon dioxide (CO2) enters a (see Chapter 6). Plants and other organisms that do this leaf, and oxygen (O2) exits, by way of tiny pores called by photosynthesis—photosynthetic autotrophs—are the stomata (singular, stoma, meaning “mouth”). In addition producers for most ecosystems (Figure 7.1). This section to carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires water, which presents an overview of photosynthesis, focusing on is absorbed by the plant’s roots and transported to the plants. Later, we’ll take a closer look at some details of leaves, where veins carry it to the photosynthetic cells. this process. Membranes within the chloroplast form the frame- work where many of the reactions of photosynthesis Locate study occur. Like a mitochondrion, a chloroplast has a questions Chloroplasts: Sites double-membrane envelope. The chloroplast’s inner membrane encloses a compartment filled with stroma, a Checkpoint questions CHECKPOINT of Photosynthesis thick fluid. Suspended in the stroma are interconnected in the margins help you Photosynthesis takes You have already learned that photosynthesis in membranous sacs called thylakoids. The thylakoids are assess your understanding place within organelles plants and algae occurs within light-absorbing organ- concentrated in stacks called grana (singular, granum). called ______________ of the content you just read. using gases that are elles called chloroplasts (see Chapter 4). All green The chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy are exchanged via pores parts of a plant have chloroplasts and can carry out built into the thylakoid membranes. The structure of a called ______________. photosynthesis. In most plants, however, the leaves chloroplast—with its stacks of disks—aids its function Visual Answer: chloroplasts; stomata have the most chloroplasts (about 500,000 per square by providing a large surface area for the reactions of organizers millimeter of leaf surface) and are therefore the major photosynthesis. See important ▼ Figure 7.1 A diversity of categories at a glance. photosynthetic autotrophs. Identify the subject of PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS the figure by glancing Plants Photosynthetic Protists Photosynthetic Bacteria at the heading. (mostly on land) (aquatic) (aquatic) Spot the categories at once by looking at the subheadings. LM 375× Forest plants Kelp, a large, multicellular alga Micrograph of cyanobacteria 108 xx ▼ Figure 7.2 Journey into a THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Remember the leaf. This series of blowups takes you into a leaf’s interior, then main topic into a plant cell, and finally Colored tabs at the into a chloroplast, the site of photosynthesis. top corner of each right-hand page help you to remember what you’re studying. Chloroplast Inner and outer membranes Photosynthetic cells Vein (transports water and nutrients) Thylakoid Thylakoid space Stroma Granum O2 Stomata LM 2,000× CO2 Leaf cross section Interior cell Colorized TEM 1,000× The Simplified Equation for Photosynthesis The following chemical equation, simplified to highlight words, photosynthesis recycles the “exhaust” of cellular the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration and rearranges its atoms to produce food respiration, provides a summary of the reactants and and oxygen. Photosynthesis is a chemical products of photosynthesis: transformation that requires a lot of energy, In what sense do photosynthesis Intriguing and cellular respiration form a questions and sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll pro- Light complementary cycle? energy vides that energy. These questions You learned in Chapter 6 that cellular respiration is help you relate a process of electron transfer. A “fall” of electrons from core content to food molecules to oxygen to form water releases the topics that pique energy that mitochondria can use to make ATP (see 6 CO2 + 6 H 2O C 6H12O6 + 6 O2 Figure 6.5). The opposite occurs in photosynthesis: your interest. Photo- Carbon Water synthesis Glucose Oxygen gas Electrons are boosted “uphill” and added to carbon di- dioxide oxide to produce sugar. Hydrogen is moved along with CHECKPOINT the electrons being transferred from water to carbon di- oxide. This transfer of hydrogen requires the chloroplast What molecules are the inputs of photosynthesis? Notice that the reactants of photosynthesis—carbon to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The What molecules are the dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)—are the same as the hydrogen is transferred along with electrons to carbon outputs? waste products of cellular respiration (see Figure 6.2). dioxide to form sugar. The oxygen escapes through and O2 Also notice that photosynthesis produces what respira- stomata in leaves into the atmosphere as O2, a waste Answer: CO2 and H2O; glucose tion uses—glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). In other product of photosynthesis. 109 xxi  Tools to help you study CHAPTER REVIEW ▶ Chapter Review Chapter Review Words and images work SUMMARY OF KEY CONCEPTS How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy; How the Light together to help you review Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH Go to www.masteringbiology.com for homework assignments, practice quizzes, Pearson eText, and more. the key concepts of the NADP+ The Basics of Photosynthesis ADP ATP e– acceptor 2e– chapter. e– 2e– Photosynthesis is a process whereby light energy is transformed into chemical acceptor – – energy, which is stored as bonds in sugars made from carbon dioxide and water. 2e– Ele NADPH ctro n tr Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis Photon ans po Photon rt c Chloroplasts contain a thick fluid called stroma surrounding a network of hain membranes called thylakoids. Chlorophyll The Simplified Equation for Photosynthesis H2O Chlorophyll Light energy NADPH-producing 2e– photosystem Water-splitting 1 2 H+ + 2 O2 photosystem 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Photosynthesis Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen gas dioxide The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide A Photosynthesis Road Map Chloroplast Within the stroma (fluid) of the chloroplast, carbon dioxide from the air and ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions are used to produce Light H2O CO2 G3P, an energy-rich sugar molecule that can be used to make glucose and other organic molecules. Stack of NADP+ Stroma CO2 thylakoids ADP + P Calvin Light reactions cycle ATP – – NADPH ATP ADP + P Sugar used for Calvin cellular respiration – – O2 cycle cellulose NADPH NADP+ Sugar starch other organic compounds The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy The Nature of Sunlight G3P Visible light is part of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy. It travels Glucose and through space as waves. Different wavelengths of light appear as different P other compounds (such as cellulose colors; shorter wavelengths carry more energy. and starch) Chloroplast Pigments Pigment molecules absorb light energy of certain wavelengths and reflect Evolution Connection: Solar-Driven Evolution ▶ other wavelengths. We see the reflected wavelengths as the color of the pig- ment. Several chloroplast pigments absorb light of various wavelengths and The photosynthetic adaptations of C4 and CAM plants enable sugar produc- Pearson eText convey it to other pigments, but it is the green pigment chlorophyll a that tion to continue even when stomata are closed, thereby reducing water loss participates directly in the light reacti