CADV 150 Study PDF

LOCKK INNNN From the syllabus: ○ What are the major assignments in this class? - The media analysis project - The observation paper - The final exam ○ Tips for when the material is challenging or you’re struggling R...

LOCKK INNNN From the syllabus: ○ What are the major assignments in this class? - The media analysis project - The observation paper - The final exam ○ Tips for when the material is challenging or you’re struggling Reach out to professor, use campus resources ○ Why anonymous grading? Anonymous grading ensures fair grading by reducing the potential for grading bias. Student names are hidden in Canvas while graded, and they're revealed only after grades are posted. ○ Late work policy and deadline December 8th last day to turn in late work. Exams and community contributions not accepted late. Periods of Development 1) Prenatal Devel (conception-pregnancy) 2) Infancy and Toddlerhood (0-2), Dramatic change Good hearing, bad vision in newborns Toddler = walking 3) Early Childhood (3-5) Preschool years Language, independence Fear disapproval 4) Middle Childhood (6-11) Learning, academic accomplishments Refine motor skills Social relationships  5) Adolescence (12- adulthood) Puberty Cognitive change Love, fear, freedom Sense of Invincibility Principles of Development including ○ Domains of development ○ Cognitive Development - Perception - Intelligence - Memory - Problem-solving - Language - Wisdom ○ Physical Development - Fine motor skills - Sensory - Nervous system - Height & weight ○ Social-emotional Development - Self Perception - Relationships - Emotion Research Methods (from textbook ch.1) ○ Observational Studies - Watch & Record Participants ○ Experiments - Test hypothesis - Controlled setting - Independent and dependent variables - Sample, experimental group, control group ○ Case Studies - Analyzing single event/case/situation ○ Surveys - Question subjects, Linkert scale ○ Longitudinal Research:  - Start at same age, measured over time ○ Cross-sectional Research: - Variety of different groups, surveyed for one category ○ Sequential Research: - Both, different groups start at same age measured over time Imposter syndrome - The feeling of feeling like a fraud. They feel as if they don't deserve anything they accomplish. Because it wasn’t perfect, or they compare it to something else and it isn’t good enough. - Developmental Theories (from textbook ch.1) - Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual theory Development in early years has lasting impact Id: inborn part of self, biological urges, pleasure Ego: developed through interaction with others, guided by logic or reality. Managing, delay gratification Superego: societal demands 1) Oral Stage (birth-2) : child is all id, mouth stimulation 2) Anal Stage: potty training, managing id 3) Phallic Stage: (early childhood) development of superego and masculine/feminine identity 4) Latency: (middle childhood) urges subside, friendships the focus. Ego and superego refined 5) Genital stage: (puberty-adulthood) sexual/reproductive motivation - Erik Erikson : Psychosocial Theory Ego/conscious > unconscious urges Importance of parenting and culture on development Each stage, psychosocial task to accomplish/crisis to overcome, all are positive Identity Crisis-successful resolution is finding who you are and what you stand for 1) Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) : infant’s needs must be consistently met to trust world  2) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: mobile toddlers learned freedom, independence 3) Initiative vs. guilt (3-5) : preschoolers initiate activities, emphasize doing things “all by myself” 4) Industry vs. inferiority (6-11) : focus on accomplishments, begin comparing to classmates 5) Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence) : teenagers trying to develop ego identity, experimenting roles, beliefs, and ideas Psychological moratorium : experimental period 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) : 20s and 30s making long term relationships 7) Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) : 40’s to early 60’s focus on being productive at work and home and contributing to society 8) Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood) : self reflection on life, if it was well lived and integral to beliefs - Ivan Pavlov : A learned response is called a “conditioned” response Classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus Dog salivating over food when bell rings - John B. Watson: most of our fears and other emotional responses are classically conditioned Little Albert - B.F. Skinner : Operant Conditioning reinforcement is a more effective means of encouraging a behavior than is criticism or punishment - Bandura : Social Learning Theory Many behaviors are not learned through any type of conditioning, but rather through imitation. People are not only influenced by their surroundings, but that they also have an impact on their surroundings. - Jean Piaget : Theory of Cognitive Development Children’s understanding of the world changes as their cognitive skills mature through 4 stages: 1) sensorimotor stage (0-2) : rely on sensor and motor skills 2) preoperational stage (2-7) : symbols, still irrational fears 3) concrete operational stage (7-11) : think logically about physical world 4) formal operational stage (12) : abstract ideas Understanding is motivated by trying to balance what we sense in the world and what we know in our minds. Understanding is organized through creating categories of knowledge. When presented with new knowledge we may add new schema or modify existing ones. - Lev Vygotsky : Sociocultural Theory through guided participation known as scaffolding, with a teacher or capable peer, a child can learn cognitive skills within a certain range known as the zone of proximal development - Bronfenbrenner : Ecological Systems Model direct and indirect influences on an individual’s development He created a model of nested systems that influence the child (and are influenced by the child) that include: microsystems, mesosystems, the exosystem, macrosystems, and chronosystems.  Identity and Self Concept ○ Social and personal identities (from textbook ch. 15) - Religious identity - Political identity - Vocational(career) identity - Gender identity Erikson – Theory of Psychosocial Development Marcia – Theory of Identity Development : Phinney’s Three Stages or Statuses of Ethnic Identity 1) Unexamined Ethnic Identity 2) Ethnic Identity Search 3) Achieved Ethnic Identity Gender and sexual identities (from textbook ch. 15) Socialization Agents During Adolescence ○ Baumrind’s theory of Parenting Styles and impacts ○ Authoritative : competent, self reliant, better in school & mental health, low misconduct  - ○ Peers influence - Peaks during mid-adolescence - They can influence style and taste - The influence can be positive and negative ○ Parent influence - Influence moral principles and future goals Cognitive empathy : gain in adolescence, take perspective & feel concern for others Cognitive changes in brain ○ Specifically see documentary “Inside the Teenage Brain” in addition to lecture and textbook - The pre- frontal cortex starts to develop more, although not fully developed until mid 20s. Meaning there will be cognitive changes in the brain. This change is seen in their thinking, processing, perception and memory. They start to have improvements in their thinking and processing skills. They can solve problems more efficiently and regulate their emotions.  -Mood swings, hormonal changes, thickening of gray matter in cerebral cortex based on learning sensory and motor activities - “Use it or lose it” synaptic pruning : removing of unnecessary brain cell connections Growth Mindset : Encourage effort > outcome ○ Effects of praise - Praise can be a positive thing but also affect the person negatively. For example if you praise them on their intelligence and always saying ur so smart. They feel as if they have to hold up that expectation and they don’t want to let anyone down. So they wouldn’t do anything that will affect it and cause them to struggle. It limits them from participating in healthy risk. Brain growth ○ Specifically see documentary “Inside the Teenage Brain” in addition to lecture and textbook Nature vs. Nurture, environment impacts development, while some aspects of development are genetic ○ Adolescent Health - Sleep Health ○ Specifically see documentary “Inside the Teenage Brain” in addition to textbook ○ Adolescents need 9.5 hours of sleep, received 7.5 ○ Circadian Clock: push back sleep time later Jean Piaget: Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development - hypothetical thinking Grows during adolescence, consider multiple solutions, think outside the box David Elkind: Adolescent Egocentrism, Imaginary Audience, Personal Fable ○ Adolescent egocentrism : teens self-focused ○ Personal fable: belief one is unique, special ○ Invincibility fable: immune to harm  ○ Imaginary audience : think everyone cares about them as much as they do Ladson-Billings Culturally Relevant Pedagogy Culture shapes self and outer perception, academic achievement, cultural competence, and sociopolitical consciousness Effects of Puberty on Development ○ Hypothalamus – Pituitary gland – Gonads – Hormones ○ Primary Sex Characteristics : reproductive organs, sex hormones ○ Secondary Sex Characteristics : physical changes signal puberty ○ Girls growth spurt before boys