Class Overview and Assignments

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for using anonymous grading in this class?

To enhance communication with students

To speed up the grading process

To reduce grading bias (correct)

To increase student engagement

Which of the following developmental periods involves the most dramatic changes in a child's abilities?

Adolescence

Middle Childhood

Infancy and Toddlerhood (correct)

Early Childhood

What is the primary characteristic of the formal operational stage of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

Concrete thinking focused on tangible objects

Hypothetical thinking and considering multiple solutions (correct)

Rigid thinking with no consideration of alternative viewpoints

Intuitive thinking based on emotions

How much sleep do adolescents ideally need each night?

9.5 hours Signup and view all the answers

In which research method do participants get observed while their behavior or characteristics are recorded?

Observational Studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the last day to submit late work for this class?

December 8th Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT part of adolescent egocentrism according to David Elkind?

Stage theory of development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the impact of puberty on development?

It initiates physical changes that signal the onset of sexual maturity. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of development focuses on self-perception and emotion?

Social-emotional Development Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect of culturally relevant pedagogy proposed by Ladson-Billings?

It emphasizes the significance of cultural competence and sociopolitical consciousness. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design involves measuring the same group of individuals over a period of time?

Longitudinal Research Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of adolescence in human development?

Cognitive changes and a sense of invincibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Imposter Syndrome?

The perception of oneself as a fraud Signup and view all the answers

What does the superego primarily represent in Freud's Psychosexual theory?

Societal demands and morals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages in Erikson's Psychosocial theory involves the challenge of developing independence?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept does the term 'psychological moratorium' relate to in Erikson's theory?

Experimentation with roles and beliefs Signup and view all the answers

In which Freud's stage does a child primarily experience mouth stimulation?

Oral Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage in Erikson's theory focuses on the challenge of making long-term relationships?

Intimacy vs. Isolation Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of Freud's Psychosexual theory does the development of the superego occur?

Phallic Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative effect of praising intelligence in children, according to growth mindset theory?

It can lead to fear of failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage of Erikson's theory?

Comparing accomplishments with peers Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive empathy develops during adolescence?

Increased ability to take perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cognitive change that occurs in adolescents as their pre-frontal cortex develops?

Improved problem-solving skills Signup and view all the answers

How does Baumrind's authoritative parenting style typically affect adolescents?

Promotes self-reliance and competence Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves preschoolers initiating activities and expressing independence according to Erikson?

Initiative vs. Guilt Signup and view all the answers

Which type of influence peaks during mid-adolescence and can affect style and taste?

Peer influence Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Phinney’s Three Stages of Ethnic Identity involves an active exploration of one’s cultural heritage?

Ethnic Identity Search Signup and view all the answers

Which statement characterizes Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development during adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion is a central conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'synaptic pruning' refer to during adolescent brain development?

Removal of unnecessary neural connections Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of despair in late adulthood?

Evaluation of life in relation to personal beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What does Ivan Pavlov's work primarily demonstrate?

The concept of a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon did John B. Watson explore through his experiments?

Emotional responses as learned behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What does B.F. Skinner emphasize in his theory of operant conditioning?

Reinforcement as more effective than punishment. Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of cognitive development do children begin to think logically about the physical world?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory, what is essential for cognitive skill development?

Guided participation and scaffolding. Signup and view all the answers

What does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Model illustrate?

The complex interactions of nested systems affecting development. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

Imitation plays a crucial role in learning behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Assignments

Media analysis project, observation paper, and final exam are key assignments in the course.
Support options for challenging material include reaching out to the professor and utilizing campus resources.

Grading and Policies

Anonymous grading is implemented to eliminate bias, with student identities hidden during grading and revealed post-grade release.
Last submission for late work is due by December 8th; no late submissions accepted for exams or community contributions.

Periods of Development

Prenatal Development: From conception to pregnancy.
Infancy and Toddlerhood (0-2 years): Significant changes occur; infants have excellent hearing but poor vision, and toddlers begin walking.
Early Childhood (3-5 years): Language development, increased independence, and fear of disapproval are key characteristics.
Middle Childhood (6-11 years): Focus shifts to academic accomplishments and refinement of motor skills alongside developing social relationships.
Adolescence (12 years and older): Marked by puberty, cognitive changes, and exploration of love, fear, and a sense of invincibility.

Principles of Development

Cognitive Development includes perception, intelligence, memory, problem-solving, language, and wisdom.
Physical Development encompasses fine motor skills, sensory development, nervous system maturation, height, and weight changes.
Social-emotional Development addresses self-perception, relationships, and emotional regulation.

Research Methods

Observational Studies: Participants are watched and recorded devoid of interference.
Experiments: Verify hypotheses in a controlled setting, involving independent and dependent variables, samples, experimental, and control groups.
Case Studies: Detailed analysis of a specific instance or event.
Surveys: Use questionnaires and Likert scales for data collection.
Longitudinal Research: Measures the same individuals across different times.
Cross-sectional Research: Surveys various groups at one point in time.
Sequential Research: Combines longitudinal and cross-sectional methods with different groups starting at the same age.

Imposter Syndrome

Characterized by feelings of being a fraud, where individuals believe they do not deserve accomplishments and may avoid risks due to perfectionism or comparison to others.

Developmental Theories

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual theory divided into stages emphasizing id, ego, and superego development.
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial theory highlighting the importance of social relationships and identity formation through eight stages, from trust vs. mistrust to integrity vs. despair.
Ivan Pavlov: Introduced classical conditioning; observed conditioned responses (salivating dogs).
John B. Watson: Established classical conditioning’s role in emotional responses (Little Albert experiment).
B.F. Skinner: Promoted operant conditioning; emphasized reinforcement over punishment.
Albert Bandura: Proposed social learning theory, highlighting imitation over conditioning.
Jean Piaget: Cognitive development theory proposing four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural theory emphasizing guided participation and the zone of proximal development.
Urie Bronfenbrenner: Introduced the ecological systems model, detailing various influencing environments in child development.

Identity and Self Concept

Marcia's Theory of Identity Development: Discusses identity statuses.
Phinney’s Ethnic Identity Stages: Unexamined identity, ethnic identity search, and achieved ethnic identity.
Socialization Agents:
- Baumrind’s Parenting Styles: Authoritative parenting leads to better outcomes in children's competency and mental health.
- Peer influence peaks in mid-adolescence, affecting style and taste positively or negatively.
- Parental influence shapes moral principles and future goals.

Cognitive and Emotional Changes

Adolescents experience mood swings; their prefrontal cortex develops gradually, affecting thinking and emotional regulation.
Cognitive empathy improves in adolescence, allowing better perspective-taking and concern for others.

Adolescent Health

Adolescents require about 9.5 hours of sleep but typically only get 7.5 hours; their circadian clocks can cause shifts in sleep patterns.

Cognitive Development

Hypothetical Thinking: Expands in adolescent stage due to Piaget's formal operational stage, enabling consideration of multiple solutions.
David Elkind's Concepts:
- Adolescent Egocentrism: Teen focus on self.
- Imaginary Audience: Belief that others are as concerned about them as they are.
- Personal Fable: View of oneself as unique.
- Invincibility Fable: Feeling of immunity to harm.

Puberty Impact on Development

Involves a sequence regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads, resulting in primary (reproductive organs) and secondary (physical changes) sex characteristics.
Girls typically undergo growth spurts earlier than boys.

Growth Mindset

Emphasizes the value of effort over rigid outcomes; praise should encourage growth to avoid limiting risk-taking behavior due to fear of not meeting expectations.

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Description

This quiz covers the major assignments in the class, including the media analysis project, observation paper, and final exam. It also provides tips for students facing challenges and explains the concept of anonymous grading, enhancing fairness in evaluations.