Competency Appraisal 501 General Education PDF

Competency Appraisal 501 GENERAL EDUCATION Reviewers  Competency Appraisal 502 TABLE OF CONTENTS Professional Education General Science 1 Purposive Communication 8 Basic Mathematics 14 Malayang Komunikasyo...

Competency Appraisal 501 GENERAL EDUCATION Reviewers  Competency Appraisal 502 TABLE OF CONTENTS Professional Education General Science 1 Purposive Communication 8 Basic Mathematics 14 Malayang Komunikasyon Sa Filipino 22 Ethics 28 Philipine History 31 34 Life and Works of Rizal The Contemporary World Understanding the Self Art Appreciation Practice Tests Competency Appraisal 501 General Science Reviewer CA 501 | General Education Reviewer General Science LIFE SCIENCES: THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE ▪ Robert Hooke (1665) – Discovered a cell from a cork made from the bark of an oak tree; coined the term cell (cellulae) which means small room ▪ Robert Brown (1831) – Discovered the cell’s nucleus ▪ Cytology – The study of cells ▪ The cell consists entirely of chemical substances 2 Types of Cells ▪ Where organelles are located Ribosomes: Protein Factories ▪ Prokaryotic Cells ▪ Free ribosomes – Produce proteins needed in the  Do NOT contain a nucleus cytosol  Have their DNA located in a region called ▪ Bound ribosomes – For proteins integrated in the membrane and for export outside the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory ▪ Eukaryotic Cells  Contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles ▪ Folded membranes that serve as channels through which materials are transported Cellular Parts ▪ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Contains ribosomes ▪ Smoot Endoplasmic Reticulum – Does not contain Nucleus ribosomes Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and receiving center ▪ The genetic library of the cell ▪ Largest organelle in an animal cell ▪ Contains most of the genes (DNA) in eukaryotic cells ▪ Manufacture, process, and package certain macromolecules Plasma Membrane ▪ Packaging factories of the cell Mitochondria ▪ Chemical Energy Conversion ▪ Functions as a selective barrier (semipermeable) ▪ Powerhouse of the cell ▪ Boundary between the inside of the cell and its external ▪ Convers food molecules into energy (Adenosine environment Triphosphate) Cytoplasm General Science | 1 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer General Science Lysosomes ▪ Digestive Compartments/Garbage Collector ▪ Nucleic Acids ▪ Suicidal bag of the cell  Information storage ▪ Digests bacteria, foreign substances, and worn-out cell  Genetic Makeup parts  DNA, RNA Chloroplasts ▪ Proteins  Enzymes, Structure, Storage, Contraction, ▪ Capture of light energy Transport, etc. ▪ Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) ▪ Found in plants only ▪ Sites of photosynthesis Cell Wall ▪ Lipids  Long-term energy storage (fats) hormones (steroids) Cellular Transport ▪ Passive Transport – A diffusion of substance across a ▪ Located outside the cell membrane; the protective layer membrane with no energy investment move from high to of the cell low concentration (concentration gradient) ▪ Plant Cell Wall – Made up of cellulose 1. Diffusion – Tendency for molecules to spread out ▪ Bacteria Cell Wall – Made up of peptidoglycan evenly into the available space ▪ Fungal Cell Wall – Made up of chitin 2. Facilitated Diffusion – Aided by Transport Proteins which speed the movement of molecules 3. Osmosis – Movement of water across a LIFE SCIENCES: THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE semipermeable membrane ▪ 4 elements constitute about 98% of living matter ▪ Oxygen – The most abundant element in the cell o Osmosis – Affected by the concentration Macromolecules gradient of the dissolved substances called solution’s tonicity ▪ Carbohydrates – Polysaccharides (Starch and Glucose) General Science | 2 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer General Science 1. Hypertonic Solution - Concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the inside of the cell - Water goes OUTSIDE the cell - Plasmolysis, shrink, shrivel, dehydrated 2. Hypotonic Solution ▪ Carolus Linnaeus – Father of Modern Taxonomy; proposed the binomial nomenclature Virus - Concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the inside of the cell - Water comes INSIDE the cell - Turgid, swell, burst, lysed 3. Isotonic Solution ▪ Not living, inert chemicals ▪ Has capsid – protein shell that protects the virus genome Domain Archaea: Kingdom Archaebacteria - Concentration of solutes outside the cell is the SAME as it is inside the cell - No NET movement of water ▪ Active Transport – Uses energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. It requires, usually in ATP ion pumps, cotransport, bulk transport (exocytosis, endocytosis) ▪ They live in various places, some even in the most severe environments ▪ Methanogens, Halophiles, and Thermophiles are examples of archaebacteria Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista TAXONOMY ▪ Taxonomy – Science of classification and naming organisms  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, ▪ Protozoans, diatoms, various types of algae (green, Genus, Species golden, brown, red algae) ▪ Example: Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis) General Science | 3 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer General Science Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia ▪ Annelids  (Phylum Annelida) – Segmented worms  Example: Earthworms ▪ Chordata – Fish ▪ Animals consist of two major groups, invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates lack a backbone which is present in vertebrates. ▪ All are heterotrophic or consumer (it means cannot produce their own food)  Pisces ▪ Porifera  Scales, gills, fins  Example: Shark, lampreys ▪ Chordata: Amphibians ▪ Cnidarians  Double life  Part of their life cycle in water  Example: Frogs, salamanders ▪ Chordata: Reptiles ▪ Arthropods ▪ Molting or Ecdysis  Reptilia  Eggs, scaly bodies, ectotherm  Example: Crocodile, Snake ▪ Chordata: Birds ▪ Nematodes  Aves  2 scaly legs, wings, feathers, endotherms  Example: Penguin, ostrich, duck  (Phylum Nematoda) – roundworms; unsegmented ▪ Mammals  Example: Pinworms, Ascaris ▪ Platyhelminthes  Flatworms: worms have soft tissues; unsegmented  Mammalia  Example: Tapeworms  Mammary glands, hairs, milk  Example: Humans, platypus, marsupials General Science | 4 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer General Science Animal Sexual Reproduction ▪ Binary Fission ▪ Earthworm  In bacteria  Hermaphroditic – Both male and female organs are Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae found in the same worm  Clitellum – Contains egg  During copulation, one worm passes its sperms into the seminal vehicle of another and, at the same time receives sperms into its receptacle ▪ Frog ▪ They are autotrophic or producer which means they can  The eggs are fertilized in the water make their own food ▪ Plants consist of two big groups: those that do not have ▪ Chicken tissues to transport water and food (nonvascular) and those that have this transport system (vascular) Plant Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Flower  The rooster (male) places the opening of his reproductive organ against the opening of the hen’s (female)  The hen drops the fertilized egg (surrounded by yolk) out of her body and incubates it ANIMAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ▪ Budding ▪ Sepals – Collectively called the calyx, protect the flower bud before it opens ▪ Petals – Collectively called the corolla, often attracts a particular pollinator ▪ Stamen – Male Part  Anther – A saclike container  Filament – A slender stalk  Pollen grains – Develop from microspores produced in the anther  The parent organism produces offspring by growing ECOSYSTEM a replica in the form of an outgrowth called a bud  Refers to the interaction group of natural elements and  Example: Hydra, sponges, yeast the organisms in a given environment  Relationship between living things (biotic) and non-living ▪ Fragmentation things (abiotic)  Producers – Can make their own food, like plants.  Consumers – Obtain food from producers; heterotrophs. ✓ Herbivores – graze directly on producers ✓ Carnivores – feed on other animals ✓ Omnivores – feed on both plans and animals ✓ Scavengers – feed on decaying and necrotic  Separated pieces of the parent organism can matter like vultures. develop into an individual ▪ Decomposers – Bacteria, fungi, breakdown dead  Example: Sea stars, flatworms organisms. General Science | 5 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer General Science Abiotic Components of Ecosystem 2. Competition – The struggle between two organisms for ▪ Sunlight - Primary source of energy the same resources within an environment. ▪ Temperature – Hotness or coldness ▪ Water – Universal solvent, the basis of life ▪ Wind – Movement of air ▪ Atmospheric Gases – Nitrogen, oxygen, argon Homologous Structures and Analogous Structures 3. Predation – One organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. ▪ Food Chain – A series of organisms feeding on the one preceding it ▪ Food Web – Network of feeding interactions among species; feeding connections between all life forms BASIC CONTROLS IN POPULATION SIZE Environments 1. Physical Environment – Food, shelter, space, water 2. Biological Environment – Competition, predation, symbiosis Kinds of Biological Environment BIOMES 1. Symbiosis – A close, long-term association between organisms of different species ▪ Biomes – A large geographical area that has the same kind of plant and animal life ▪ Mutualism – An interaction between individuals from ▪ Factors that shape the nature of biomes different species that brings in positive beneficial  Type of vegetation effects on each one of the participants  Geography of the region  Temperature  Amount and pattern of rainfall  Light intensity Kinds of Biomes 1. Tundra ▪ Parasitism – One organism, the parasite, lives off of another program, the host, harming it and possibly causing death - Treeless; - A biome of cold regions like the crest of the Rockies and near the North Pole where vegetation grows close to the ground. - Polar bears, reindeers, mosses, willow trees 2. Boreal Forests/Taiga ▪ Commensalism – An interaction where one individual benefits from another species while the other is unaffected. - Dominated by evergreen trees; cone-bearing trees like spruce and fir - North America, Europe, and Soviet Union - Moose, deer General Science | 6 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer General Science 3. Deciduous Forests/Temperate Forests - Shed leaves every year; Maples, Oaks - United states, Dominant in Europe and China - Foxes, wildcats, chipmunks 4. Grasslands - Dominated by grasses - Praire – United States - Steppe – Russia - Veldt – Africa - Pampas – Argentina - Savannah – A large, flat area of land covered with grass, usually with few trees. 5. Tropical Rain Forests - Exists in equatorial regions - Hot, moist biome where it rains all year long - Richest biomes - Earth’s most complex biome in terms of both structure and species diversity - Jungle – A community in a TRF that grows along a river 6. Desert - Arid, often sandy region - Capable of supporting a few life forms because of little precipitation - Cacti and small desert plants - Camels and Insects General Science | 7  Competency Appraisal 501 Purposive Communication Reviewer CA 501 | General Education Reviewer English LANGUAGE Nominative Case 1. Pronoun - Action Verb Parts of Speech - The building blocks of language. They Ex. He and (I, me) sang. function to explain the usage of words in a sentence 2. Be verb – Pronoun Noun Ex. The singer is (he, him). - a word used to name a person, place, thing, state, or 3. Appositive – (Pronoun – Noun) quality. (He, him), my friend, is cute. Kinds of Nouns Objective Case a) Proper nouns are specific. Their first letters are 1. Verb – Pronoun capitalized. Ex. I gave (he, him) a chance. Jake, Fenilla, Monday, Davao City b) Common nouns are general. 2. Preposition -Pronoun man, student, clinic, teacher, school Ex. I smiled at (he, him) c) Collective nouns name groups. 3. Possessive Case family, army, flock, choir Ex. The bag is (me,my, mine). d) Mass nouns cannot be counted salt, sugar, flour, feedback, equipment b) Indefinite Pronouns – Refer to an identifiable but e) Concrete nouns exist in the physical world not specified person or thing. petals, tables, pens, cups 1. Singular – Any, anybody, nobody, anyone, f) Abstract nouns refer to ideas and feelings. each, everyone, one, someone, somebody, sadness, joy, brilliance every, either, neither 2. Plural - All, some, few, both, several, many Functions of Nouns a) Subject of the Sentence (S) - the one discussed in c) Demonstrative Pronouns the sentence. This (singular; near) This is my handbag Maureen expressed her gratitude to her fans. These (plural; near) These are my shoes That (singular; distant) That is my bag b) Vocative (V) - indicates that somebody is being Those (plural; distant) Those are my books directly addressed by the speaker. Where is everybody, Maureen? d) Relative Pronouns – Used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause c) Direct Object (DO) - The one that receives the Examples: who, whose, whoever whom, that, which, action of the verb. Answers the question who or what whichever after the verb Maureen kicks the ball. Verb - a content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or d) Indirect Object - Answers the question to whom or state of existence. for whom. Maureen left Froilan food for the holidays. Kinds of Verbs a) Regular verbs - form their past tense by the adding e) Subject Noun Predicate - A word/phrase that refers ‘d’ or ‘ed ’ to the base form. back to the subject. Comes after a linking verb. jump jumped jumped Maureen is the actress. b) Irregular verbs - form their past tense and past f) Object Noun Predicate - Comes after a direct participle in several ways. object. Refers back to the object. sing sang sung The group appointed Maureen leader of the club. c) Linking verbs - Used to link or join the subject with g) Object of the Preposition - Comes after a a word in the predicate which relates to the subject. preposition. The ‘be’ form of the verb (am, is, are, was, were) is Maureen correlates love with effort. the most commonly used linking verb. Other forms of these are become, seem, look, smell, appear, feel, h) Appositive - A noun or noun phrase that renames taste, sound, remain. another noun right beside it. He is cute. Maureen, my sister, celebrates her birthday. d) Auxiliary verb - helping verbs are used together with Pronouns a main verb. The most common Auxiliary verbs is – A word used to replace a noun. have. Kinds of Pronouns 1. Has - is used in singular, present tense of the a) Personal Pronouns verb. Nominative Objective Possessive 2. Have - (base form) is used in plural, present tense of the verb. Singular 3. Had - is used in singular / plural, past tense of I me my, mine 1st Person 2nd Person you you your, yours the verb. he, she, it him, her, it his, her, hers, its 3rd Person Auxiliary Verbs must be followed by a past participle form of the verbs. Plural we us our, ours He has seen him. 1st Person you you your, yours 2nd Person We have seen him. they them their, theirs 3rd Person I had loved him before. Purposive Communication | 8 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer English Adjective Preposition - A part of speech used to modify nouns and pronouns. – A word expressing the relationship between a noun, pronoun, and other elements of a sentence. Prepositions Kinds of Adjectives denote various relationships. a) Descriptive Adjective – Gives color and vividness to the person(s), place(s), or thing(s) we talk or write Prepositions of Time: At, On, and In about. It tells what kind, what color, what size, what a) We use at to designate specific times. shape, etc. The program will commence at 8:00 AM. b) Limiting Adjective - Indicates the number or b) We use on to designate days and dates. quantity. It tells how many, how much, which one, Results will be out on Sunday. whose, etc. Not all understand the significance of the celebration  Descriptive – high grades, new job on June 12th.  Limiting – two lives, one love c) Demonstrative Adjective - A demonstrative c) We use in for non-specific times during a day, a adjective (this, that, these, those) shows the noun month, a season, or a year. In the Philippines, it still that it modifies is singular or plural and whether the rains even in summer. position of the noun is near or far from the person I was conceived in 1992. who is speaking or writing. The jolliest time happens in December. This clock is mine. Other Descriptive Adjectives Prepositions of Place: At, On, and In d) Proper Adjectives – An adjective derived from a) We use at for specific addresses. proper nouns Ruffa Papaya lives at Prk 1-D, Balagunan, Sto. Philippine flag, Korean food, French bread, Spanish Tomas City, France Sardines b) We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, e) Predicate Adjectives - Completes the meaning of etc. the verb and modifies the subject. It follows the I feel cathartic when I am on Boulevard Street. linking verb, and usually describes the subject noun, or pronoun. c) We use in for the names of land-areas (towns, Life is beautiful. counties, states, countries, and continents). She dreams of living in Norway. Adverb - A part of speech which modifies a verb, an adjective, or Conjunction another adverb. It is generally placed immediately before - A word used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases or or after the word it modifies. words. a) Adverb of time - An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. We use it at the Kind of Conjunctions beginning or at the end of a sentence as a form of a) Coordinating Conjunction – Join equals to one emphasis when we place it at the beginning. This another i.e. words, phrases, clauses includes afterwards, already, last month, now, soon, Examples: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So then, and yesterday. (FANBOYS) See you later. b) Subordinating Conjunction - A conjunction that b) Adverb of place - An adverb of place tells us where introduces a subordinate clause something is done or happens. We use it after the verb, object or at the end of a sentence. Adverbs of c) Correlative Conjunction - A correlative conjunction place include words such as above, below, here, is a paired conjunction that links balanced words, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs. phrases, and clauses. My room is upstairs. Do not find love elsewhere; it is here. 1. Interjection – A word that expresses the feeling or c) Adverb of manner- An adverb of manner tells us emotion, and functions independently in a sentence. how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of Examples: Ah! Oh! Uh! Alas! Hey! Ouch! Well! Wow! manner end in –ly such as badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well, hard, SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT fast, etc. The people are slowly responding to the call for 1. Verb with –s is singular. Verb without –s is plural. change. He loves the show. He spoke on politics well. They love the show. d) Adverb of degree- An adverb of degree tells us the 2. Collective noun subjects may take singular/plural level or extent that something is done or happens. verb depending on usage Words of adverb of degree are almost, much, quite, The team wins the game. so, too, very The team discuss the matter among themselves. I so love him. It was quite impressive. 3. Non-count noun subjects take singular verb but may be pluralized depending on the quantifier. e) Adverb of frequency- An adverb of frequency tells Flour is expensive us how often something is done or happens. Words Three bags of flour are heavy. used as adverbs of frequency include hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, 4. Proper noun subjects that end in –s for names of rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, and courses, diseases and places take singular verbs. weekly. Digos is in Davao del Sur. He always organizes shows. The news was not fake. Economics is my favorite I sometimes miss you. subject. Purposive Communication | 9 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer English 3. For collective nouns, the pronouns may be singular 5. Items that have two parts take plural verb but singular or plural according to whether the nouns are taken as with the word. a unit or as individuals composing the whole. If the The socks are cute. collective noun is taken as a unit, the pronoun is My pair of socks is lost. singular. If the individuals are thought separately, the pronoun must be plural. 6. Units of measurement (distance, weight, time, or The class donated its funds to Bantay Bata Foundation. amount of money) take a singular verb. The class argued their issues among themselves. Four kilometers costs P200 for a taxi ride Fifty-thousands pesos has less value now. 4. Who, Whose, and Whom → would refer to person(s). Which → would refer to animal(s), or thing(s). 7. Basic arithmetical operations (add, subtract, multiply, What → would refer to things only. divide) take singular verbs. I am one of the students who fought against hunger. Four times fives equals twenty. Diana was the researcher whom the panel talked to. 8. These indefinite pronouns are always singular. 5. When each, every, either, neither, someone, Nothing satisfies him. somebody, any one, anybody, everyone, everybody, Each of your drams is valid. no one are used as antecedents, the pronouns referring to them are singular. When the antecedent 9. Some indefinite pronouns can be singular or plural is either masculine or feminine, the pronoun must be depending on what they refer. masculine. Some of the boys are kind. Everyone Is required to speak his mind. Some of the air is polluted. Somebody forgot his manners at home. Anyone Everyone Someone No one 6. When one antecedent is singular, the other is plural, Anybody Everybody Somebody Nobody make your pronoun agree with the nearer antecedent. Anything Everything Something Nothing Neither the boys nor his classmate spoke of his Each Every One concerns. Either Jenny or the Reyeses will hold their political rally. 10. Portions (fractions, percentages, and the quantifiers all (of), a lot of) take verb depends on noun after it, 7. When two or more antecedent are joined by 'and’, One-half of information is relevant. the pronoun must be plural. A lot of details are relevant. Minda and Linda brought their A-games to the competition. 11. Verb agrees with the subject not the prepositional phrase. Some of the boys are kind. THE VERB TENSES AND ASPECTS The brands of the product are legit. 12. “The number” requires a singular verb. “A number” requires a plural verb. The number of students coming is decreasing. A number of students are taking the test. 13. With correlative subjects either…or or neither…nor the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Either or neither as subject, use a singular verb. Either Jake or my friends are cute. Neither my friends nor Jake is eating there. Jake or my friends are cute. Either of the boys was okay. 14. Subjects joined by and refer to a single unit or is considered as one, it takes a singular verb. Compound subjects joined by ‘and’ referring to separate entities, should take a plural verb. Simple Aspect The secretary and treasurer is here. The secretary and the treasurer are here. 1. Simple Present Tense  Habitual actions in the present: 15. Subjects followed by intervening expressions. He goes to school on a daily basis. Should take verbs that agree with real subjects  General timeless truths; such as physical laws or The student, as well as his friends studies the topic customs: The sun sets in the west. 2. Simple Past Tense PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT  A definite single completed event/action in the past: 1. Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their) I saw my ex last week. agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer.  Habitual or repeated action/event in the past: Mr. Obeal discusses the topic to his students. It rained almost every day last March. 2. Two or more singular antecedents joined by ‘or' or 3. Simple Future Tense 'nor' require a singular pronoun.  An action to take place at some definite future time: Either Froilan or Jake will deliver his piece tomorrow. I will top the LET in September. Neither the adviser nor the teacher will tackle his issue. Purposive Communication | 10 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer English Progressive Aspect GENERAL CONCEPTS OF LITERATURE 1. Present Progressive Tense Literary Standards  Denote an action which is going on at the time of ▪ Universality- appeals to everyone regardless of labels speaking: ▪ Artistry- has aesthetic appeal He is talking about his thesis in a conference we ▪ Intellectual Value- stimulates critical thinking and abstract speak. reasoning  Extended present/A temporary situation: ▪ Suggestiveness- unravels and conjures man’s emotions He is still moving on from a relationship. ▪ Spiritual Value- elevates the spirit and soul- the power to inspire 2. Past Progressive Tense ▪ Permanence- endures across time; Timeliness,  An action in progress at a specific point of time in the Timelessness past: ▪ Style- presents peculiar ways evident on the formation of He was walking to school at 8:30 this morning. ideas  Past action simultaneous with some other event that General Classifications of Literature is usually stated in the simple past. ▪ According to Structure Mae was texting her boyfriend when her mom a. Fiction - literary work of imaginative narration most entered the room. likely fashioned to entertain and to make readers think and feel. 3. Future Progressive Tense b. Non-Fiction - Literary work of real life narration or  An action that will be in progress at a specific time in exposition based on history and facts whose main the future thrust is intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories, He will be taking a test at 8:00 A.M. tomorrow. generalizations, or concept about a particular topic Perfect Aspect ▪ According to Form a. Prose - literary work that is written within the common 1. Present Perfect Tense flow of language in sentences and in paragraphs which  A situation that began at a prior point in time and give information, relate events, express ideas, or present continues into the present opinions. She has been a school administrator since 2010 b. Poetry - Literary work expressed in verse, measure, I have loved him for five years now. rhythm, sound, and imaginative language.  A very recently completed action (often with just) Genres of Literature Lalli has just taken the test. ▪ Fiction - Narrative in prose that shows an imaginative I have just submitted my papers. recreation and reconstruction of life. ▪ Poetry - A patterned form of written expression of ideas 2. Past Perfect Tense in concentrated, and rhythmical terms that often contain  An action completed in the past prior to some the elements of sense, structure, and sound. other past event or time Mom had already left the house before I turned the Elements of Fiction TV on a. Setting - The time and place that the story occurs. 3. Future Perfect Tense b. Character - Representations of the human beings in the  A future action that will be completed prior to a story specific future time  Principality: Protagonist; Antagonist I will have finished all this work by tomorrow.  Development: Dynamic; Static  Personality: Round; Flat Perfect Progressive Aspect c. Plot - Sequence of events in the story.  Exposition - Sets the scene by introducing the 1. Present Perfect Progressive Tense characters and settings  A situation or habit that began in the past (recent or  Crisis - Establishes curiosity, uncertainty, and distant) and that continues up to the present (and tension possibly into the future):  Climax - Leads to an affirmation, decision, action, Helo has been going out with Adele. and realization–the peak of the story  Falling action - The finishing of things right after the 2. Past Perfect Progressive Tense climax  An action or habit taking place over a period of time  Denouement - Strands of the plot are drawn in the past prior to or interrupted by some other past together and matters are explained or resolved. event or time  Ending - The end of the story We had been planning to visit Cebu but changed our minds after seeing a photo of Sto. Tomas, General Types of Plot Davao del Norte.  Linear Plot - moves with natural sequence of events where actions are arranged sequentially. 3. Future Perfect Progressive  Circular Plot - a plot where linear development of  Durative or habitual action that is taking place in the the story merges with an interruption in the present and that will continue into the future up until chronological order to show an event that happened or through a specific future time in the past. On Christmas Eve, we will have been living in the  In Media Res - a plot where the story commences in same house for 10 years. the middle part of the action  Deux En Machina - an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as an unnatural plot device in fiction. Purposive Communication | 11 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer English d. Conflict - Opposition of persons or conflict of the story. c. Dramatic Poetry - Written to be presented or acted on The basic tension, predicament, or challenge of the story. stage. Any story written in verse and in dialogue that is  person vs. person intended to be presented and acted on stage in front of  person vs. society an audience.  person vs. self  person vs. nature  person vs. supernatural Poetic Feet  Iambic: destroy (unaccented/accented) e. Point of View - Determines the narrator of the story.  Trochaic: topsy (accented/unaccented)  In the first-person point of view, one of the story's  Anapestic: intervene (unaccented/unaccented/accented) characters serves as a narrator and readers watch  Dactylic: merrily (accented/unaccented/unaccented) the story unfold through that character's eyes.  The second person point of view is relatively rare Essay as a Genre because it makes the reader a character in the story  An essay is a piece of writing, usually from an author's and directly addresses the reader as 'you'. personal point of view. Essays are non- fictional but often  In the third person point of view, the narrator is subjective; while expository, they can also include narrative. Essays can be literary criticism, political someone outside the story, who frequently uses manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, pronouns, like 'he,' 'she,' and 'they,' to describe the recollections, and reflections of the author. characters. The third person point of view is divided into three subcategories: o Formal or Impersonal - Deals with serious or o Third-Person Omniscient - The narrator knows formal subjects. everything about all characters, including their o Informal or Personal - Cover light, ordinary, or thoughts and feelings. event trivial subject matters. o Third-Person Limited - The narrator focuses on one character’s thoughts and feelings, providing Drama as a Genre a more intimate view.  A composition that presents story told entirely in a o Third-Person Objective - The narrator only dialogue and action and written with the intention of its reports actions and dialogue without revealing eventual performance before an audience. any character’s inner thoughts or feelings.  Types of Drama o Tragedy - A play that deals with the somber and  Persona - The voice chosen by the author for a serious aspect of life. Ends unhappily with the particular artistic purpose. protagonist’s death. o Comedy - A play that deals with human folly and f. Theme - The significant value or truth about life and its ends happily. nature which takes place in the illustrations of the actions, o Farce - A ridiculous play with humor that requires preoccupations, and decisions of the characters. rude physical action for the sake of the comic spirit. o Melodrama - A form of play that presents Poetry as Genre stereotyped characters and a conflict between good ▪ A patterned form of written expression of ideas in and evil. The good characters are favored by destiny concentrated, and rhythmical terms that often contain the in the end. elements of sense, structure, and sound. Figures of Speech Types of Poetry a. Narrative Poetry - Tells a story in verse a. Simile is an expressed comparison between two similar  Epic - Long narrative poem about a character who things introduced by like, as, as if, than, seems, or similar to embodies the values of the society  Metrical Tale/Metrical Romance - A medieval verse Writing is like pulling the trigger of a gun; if you are not based on legends, chivalric love and adventure, or loaded, nothing happens. the supernatural.  Ballad - A simple narrative poem of a story, b. Metaphor is an implied comparison of unlike subjects composed in short stanzas and adapted for without like or as. melodious recital. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women b. Lyric Poetry - Thoughts and feelings of the speaker. merely players. Intended to be sung  Ode - Expresses exultation or emotional enthusiasm. c. Personification is the figure of speech in which some Expresses lofty praises of a person or event. human characteristic is attributed to an inanimate thing.  Elegy- Deals with grief over the passing of a person or a particular way of life. But love is blind, and lovers cannot see what pretty  Sonnet - Consists of 14 lines with an exact rhyme follies they themselves commit. scheme. Petrarchan – octave – abbaabba d. Periphrasis refers to the use of excessive language Sestet – cdecde or cdcdcd and surplus words to convey a meaning that could Shakespearean – abab cdcd efef gg otherwise be conveyed with fewer words and in more direct a manner  Song – Differs from other poems in that it is intended primarily to be sung. It has a melodious quality When I am with you, my toes tingle and my knees are required by the singing voice. weak. The world is a better place altogether and I find  Simple Lyric - The category of all those lyrical myself giving my fortune to beggars, and I am a beggar poems that do not properly belong under any of the before you, craving a smile, a whim. other category. Purposive Communication | 12 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer English e. Litotes is a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its opposite. Edgar Allan Poe is not a bad writer. f. Apostrophe is an address to the absent as if present or the inanimate as if human. O Liberty! Liberty! How many crimes are committed in thy name! (Madame Roland) g. Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. She is definitely the Helen in our group. h. Hyperbole is an exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis or poetic effect I think of you a million times a day. i. Irony, in general, is a discrepancy or disparity between what seems and what is. It was very kind of you to remind me of my humiliation. j. Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which the writer names a part when he means the whole, or the whole when he means only a part. The following are examples: Your wheel is dope. Describing a complete vehicle as “wheels" k. Metonymy is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words, and sword to military force.) l. Paradox is the presentation of true but seemingly contradictory ideas. On his fourth birthday, he will be 16 years old. m. Oxymoron is a compact paradox, one in which two successive words apparently contradict each other. The spy boarded the plane with studied carelessness. n. Climax is the arrangement of words or ideas according to their degree of importance; thus, the last set appears most valuable. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” (Julius Caesar) o. Anti-climax is the real apparent or ludicrous decrease in the importance or impressiveness of what is said. It is the opposite to a climax. She is a great writer, a mother and a good humorist. Purposive Communication | 13  Competency Appraisal 501 Basic Mathematics Reviewer CA 501 | General Education Reviewer Mathematics BASIC MATHEMATICS Example - Camryn practices the trumpet every 11th day and the flute 1. Order of Operations every 3rd day. Camryn practiced both the trumpet and the P – parenthesis flute today. How many DAYS until Camryn practices the E – exponents trumpet and flute again in the same day? MD – multiply and divide from LEFT TO RIGHT A A. 22 C. 23 S – add and subtract from LEFT TO RIGHT B. 45 D. 33 Examples: 4. Greatest Common Factor 5 + (3 * 1)2 + 4 – 5 Greatest Common Factor is the highest number that = 5 + (3)2 + 4 – 5 divides exactly two or more numbers. =5+9+4–5 = 18 – 5 Technique: Divide the numbers in the question with the = 13 biggest number in the option. 7 x 3 + 10 x (25 – 5) Example = 7 x 3 + 10 x 20 1. What is the GCF of 36 and 18? = 21 + 10 x 20 A. 18 C. 9 = 21 + 200 B. 3 D. 6 = 221 Example 1. Josefa is making bead necklaces. She has 90 green 2. Prime Factorization beads and 108 blue beads. What is the greatest number Prime Factorization is the process of obtaining prime of identical necklaces she can make if she wants to use numbers that must be multiplied together in order to get all of the beads? a particular number. A. 12 C. 16 B. 15 D. 18 Prime Number is a number greater than 1 and has only 2 factors: 1 and itself. 5. Ratio and Proportion Examples: A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division. You can write a ratio in different ways. A is to B – in words A:B – in colon form A/B – in fraction form Example Mang Dino has farm located at south of North Carolina. In his farm, there are 50 cows, 40 chickens, and 100 horses. What is the ratio of cows and chickens? Therefore, the prime factors are 2, 2, 3 and 5. Colon Form Words Fraction 50 : 40 50 is to 40 50/40 Examples 5:4 5 is to 4 5/4 1. What are the prime factors of 52? A. 11 x 2 x 3 C. 23 x 2 An orchard has 28 apple trees, 27 orange trees, and 14 B. 13 x 2 x 2 D. 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 cherry trees. What is the ratio of apple trees to cherry trees? Two conditions must be met:  When you multiply the numbers, it should be equal Colon Form: Words: Fraction to 52. 28 : 14 28 is to 14 28/14  All numbers multiplied resulting to 52 must be prime 2:1 2 is to 1 2/1 numbers. A proportion is an equality of two ratios – for example, For question number 1: A. 11 x 2 x 3 = 66 which is not 52 B. 13 x 2 x 2 = 52, so B is the answer C. 23 x 2 = 46 which is not 52 D. 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 18 which is not 52 A. Direct Proportion - Both quantity increase or both decrease 3. Least Common Multiple Formula: Least Common Multiple is smallest number divisible by all of the numbers in a set. Technique: Find the smallest number in the options that Example is divisible by all of the numbers in the question. If two pencils cost 3 dollars, how many pencils can you buy with 9 dollars? Example 1. What is the least common multiple of 5 and 9? A. 25 C. 45 B. 40 D. 50 Mathematics | 14 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer Mathematics B. Inverse Proportion - One quantity increases, the other P = 216 decreases and vice versa - A student earned a grade of 80% on a math test that had 20 problems. How many problems on this test did Example the student answer correctly? It takes 4 men 6 hours to repair a road. How long will it A. 14 C. 16 take 8 men to do the job if they work at the same rate? B. 15 D. 17 x1y1 = x2y2 Sample Problem on Rate (4)(6) = (8)(x) 24 = 8x Divide both sides by 8 - What percent of 30 is 15? 3 = x or x = 3 A. 50% C. 40% B. 47% D. 52% C. Partitive Proportion - One quantity is being partitioned into different proportions. Solution: R=P÷B Example R = 15 ÷ 30 In a class of 40, the ratio of boys to girls is 3:5. How many R = 1500 ÷ 30 Add two zeros to the dividend. are girls? How many are boys? R = 50% 3x + 5x = 40 8x = 40 Divide both sides by 8. - There are 45 carpenters in a crew. On a certain day, 9 x=5 were present. What percent showed up for work? A. 2% C. 22% Remember that we have 3x for boys B. 20% D. 42% = 3x = 3(5) Sample Problem on Base = 15 So we have 15 boys - 30 is 20% of what number? A. 145 C. 150 Remember that we have 5x for girls B. 149 D. 180 = 5x = 5(5) Solution: = 25 So we have 25 boys B=P÷R B = 30 ÷ 0.20 6. Percent – meaning “per hundred” B = 3000 ÷ 20 Add two zeros to the dividend and convert B = 150 Conversion Techniques  Percent to Decimal - To convert a percent to - A student answered 80 problems on a test correctly and received a grade of 40%. How many problems were on decimal, we remove the percent symbol and move the test, if all the problems were worth the same number the decimal point two places to the left. of points? (Round to the nearest whole number) 55% > 55 > 0.55 A. 120 C. 200 7% > 7 > 0.07 B. 150 D. 250  Decimal to Percent - To convert decimal to percent, we move the decimal point two places to the right and BUSINESS MATHEMATICS affix the percent symbol 0.345 > 34.5 > 34.5% 8. Simple Interest – Interest paid only on the principal 0.123 > 12.3 > 12.3% amount 7. Percentage, Rate and Base Formula: I = Prt ▪ Definition where,  Percentage (P) – a part of the whole I is the simple interest  Base (B) – the whole r is the interest or the rate  Rate – the number usually in percent P is the principal amount t is the time in years ▪ Things to Remember:  “of” usually means multiply Example:  “is” usually means equals  You are starting your own small business in Davao City. You borrow P10,000.00 from Formulae the bank at a 2% rate for 5 years. Find the interest you will pay on this loan. Percentage = Base x Rate A. 500 C. 1,500 Base = Percentage ÷ Rate B. 1,000 D. 2,000 Rate = Percentage ÷ Base Solution: I = Prt = (10,000)(0.02)(5) Sample Problem on Percentage = 1,000 - What is the 30% of 720?  How much interest would be paid on a A. 340 C. 162 bank loan of P30,000 for 6 months at 10% B. 217 D. 216 annual interest? A. P1,000 C. P2,000 Solution: B. P1,500 D. P3,000 P=BxR P = 720 x 0.30 Mathematics | 15 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer Mathematics Solution: c. Discount – When an item is on sail, the amount of I = Prt the price decreases. = (30,000)(0.10)(6/12) = 1,500 Formula: Discount = price x rate Example  What is the amount due on P12,000.00 after adding the annual interest of 8% for 3 - Athletic shoes that regularly sell for 100 dollars years? are on sale for 20% off. Find the discount. A. P14, 880.00 C. P15,880.00 A. 20 dollars C. 45 dollars B. P16,800.00 D. P15,800.00 B. 30 dollars D. 70 dollars Solution Solution I = Prt Discount = price x rate = (12,000)(0.08)(3) = (100)(0.2) = 2,880 = 20 - Elise bought a dress that was discounted 30% off of the original price of P200.00. What was the Amount Due = Principal amount + Interest amount of discount? = 12,000 + 2,880 A. P40 C. P70 = 14,880 B. P60 D. P80 Solution 9. Markup, Selling Price, Sale Price, Discount and Discount = price x rate Commission = (200)(0.30) = 60 a. Markup - To make a profit, stores charge more for d. Sale Price - The price of a good or service that is merchandise than they pay for it. The amount of being offered at a discount. increase is called the markup Formula: Markup = cost x rate Formula: Sale price = price – discount Example: Example - A music store’s percent of markup is 50%. A CD - Regala Company manufactures beds; in its costs the store 10 dollars. Find the markup. catalogue, a double bed is priced at P5,000.00 A. 3 dollars C. 5 dollars less a discount of 20%. What will Rizza have to B. 4 dollars D. 6 dollars pay for the bed she ordered? A. 500 C. 3000 Solution B. 1000 D. 4000 Markup = cost x rate Solution = (10)(0.5) Sale price = price – discount = 5 dollars = 5,000 – (5,000*0.20) = 5,000 – 1,000 - A computer store used a markup rate of 40%. = 4,000 Find the price increase of a computer game that cost the retailer P50.00. e. Commission – A fee paid for services, usually a A. 10 C. 30 percentage of the total cost. B. 20 D. 40 Formula: Commission = Amount Sold x Rate Example Solution Markup = cost x rate - Maria makes money by commission rates. She = (50)(0.40) gets 15% off of everything she sells. If Maria sold = 20 pesos 23,000 pesos worth of items this month, what is her salary for the month? b. Selling Price - The cost price of an item; that is the A. 3,450 C. 3,700 amount which a seller pays to. B. 3,500 D. 4,000 Solution Formula: Selling Price – cost + markup Commission = Amount Sold x Rate Example: = 23,000 pesos x 0.15 = 3,450 pesos - A store pays P30.00 for a bag of candy. If the store wants to mark up the price 20%, how much - Peter makes some 7,000 dollars a month PLUS will the store sell the bag of candy? some money by commission rates. He gets 6% A. 6 C. 24 off of everything he sells. If Peter sold 55,000 B. 12 D. 36 dollars’ worth of items this month, what is his Solution salary for the month? Selling Price = cost + markup = 30 + (30 x 0.20) Solution = 30 + 6 Commission = Amount sold x Rate = 36 = 55,000 pesos x 0.06 = 3,300 pesos Total Salary = Basic Salary + Commission = 7,000 + 3,300 = 10,300 pesos Mathematics | 16 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer Mathematics ALGEBRA subtracted from 1. Absolute Value - The number of units a number is away from 0 in a number line Example: MULTIPLY DIVIDE |-7| = 7 times |-7 + 3| = |-4| = 4 multiplied by divide by |8 + 4 – 3| = |9| = 9 product quotient of the ratio of 2. Number Properties twice A. Closure Property - When we add or multiply any thrice element in a set of numbers, the sum or the product EQUALS is a unique real number which belongs to the same is set equals is equal to Example Examples 125 + 34 = 159 - Addition B. Commutative Property - States that changing the  Verbal Expression: a number increased by position of the addends, or the factors does not affect 10 Numerical Expression: x + 10 the sum or the product. - Subtraction  Verbal Expression: a number decreased by Example 5 Numerical Expression: x – 5 12 + 2 = 2 + 12 (Addition) - Multiplication 13 * 3 = 3 * 13 (Multiplication)  Verbal Expression: twice a number Numerical Expression: 2x C. Associative Property - States that changing the - Division grouping of the addends in a sum or the grouping of  Verbal Expression: a number divided by 3 the factors in a product does not change the resulting Numerical Expression: x ÷ 3 sum or product. - Combination of Operations  Verbal Expression: seven times a number Example increased by 5 Numerical Expression: 7x + (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) (Addition) 5 (5 * 3) * 2 = 5 * (3 * 2) (Multiplication) 4. Algebraic Equation - Two algebraic expressions set equal to each other. D. Identity Property of Addition - The sum of any number and zero is the same number. 0 is the Examples identity. x + x = 50 2x = 50 Divide both sides by 2 Example x = 25 34 + 0 = 34 x + x + 2 = 42 E. Identity Property of Multiplication - The product of 2x + 2 = 42 any number and 1 is the same number. 1 is identity. 2x = 42 – 2 2x = 40 Divide both sides by 2 Example x = 20 32 * 1 = 32 5. Polynomials - An expression consisting of variables and F. Distributive Property - Says that when a number is coefficients that involve only the operations of addition, multiplied by the SUM of two other numbers, the first subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer number can be handed out or distributed to both of exponents of variables. those two numbers and multiplied by each of them separately. Example 3 (8 + 5) = 3 (8) + 3 (5) 3. Algebraic Expression - Contains numbers, variables, and operations to state a relationship Examples 9, 89x, 2t+3, y2 + 3y + 10 A. Translating Algebraic Expressions B. ADD SUBTRACT A. Types of Polynomials plus minus Operations on Polynomials sum difference - Addition – When adding polynomials, only like increased by decreased by terms can be combined. more than exceeds reduced less than Mathematics | 17 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer Mathematics Example Substitute 2 to the x’s of the problem. 5x + 2y +3x 5x + 3x +2y x2 + 13x + 30 8x + 2y (2)2 + 13(2) + 30 60 - Subtraction - When subtracting polynomials, only like terms can be combined. Let’s check Option B. Substitute 2 to the Example x’s of Option B. 1. 18x2 – 13x – 14x2 18x2 – 14x2 – 13x (x + 3) (x + 10) 4x2 – 13x (2 + 3) (2 + 10) 2. Subtract x + 4x3 from –x + 5x3 60 –x + 5x3 – (x + 4x3) The result of the question is 60 and the –x + 5x3 – x – 4x3 result of Option B is also 60. The results do –x – x + 5x3 – 4x3 match, hence the answer is Option B. – 2x + x3 B. Substitution Method - Rationalizing Expressions - Simplifying a rational expression means writing it in the lowest - Multiplying Polynomials terms or simplest form.  Multiply (x + 3) and (x + 4) A. x2 + 7x + 12 C. x2 + 3x + 5  Simplify the expression B. x2 + 7x – 12 D. x2 – 7x – 12 7x + 35 x2 + 5x Substitute 2 to the x’s of the problem. A. 7/x C. x/7 (x + 3)(x + 4) B. x+7 D. 7 – x (2 + 3)(2 + 4) (5)(6) Substitute 2 to the x’s of the problem. 30 Let’s check Option A. Substitute 2 to the x’s of Option A. x2 + 7x + 12 Let’s check Option A. Substitute 2 to the (2)2 + 7(2) + 12 x’s of Option A. 4 + 14 + 12 7/x 30 7/2 The result of the question is 30 and the result of Option A is also 30. The results do The result of the question is 7/2 and the match, hence the answer is Option A. result of Option B is also 7/2. The results do match, hence the answer is Option A. - Dividing Polynomials 6. Pythagorean Theorem - In a right triangle, the sum of  Divide (x2 + 7x + 12) by (x + 3). the squares of the lengths of the two legs is equal to the A. x – 3 C. x – 4 square of the length of the hypotenuse. B. x + 4 D. x + 5 Substitute 2 to the x’s of the problem. (x2 + 7x + 12) ÷ (x + 3) (22 + 7(2) + 12) ÷ (2 + 3) (4 + 14 + 12) ÷ (2 + 3) Formula: c2 = a2 + b2 30 ÷ 5 6 Example: C - Find the value of c. Let’s check Option B. Substitute 2 to the x’s of Option B. 4m A. 2 C. 4 3m B. 3 D. 5 x+4 2+4 Solution 6 c2 = a2 + b2 The result of the question is 6 and the result c2 = 42 + 32 of Option B is also 6. The results do match, c2 = 16 + 9 hence the answer is Option B. c2 = 25 √c2 = √25 c=5 - Factoring Polynomials  Factor x2 + 13x + 30 A. (x + 3) (x – 10) C. (x – 3) (x – 10) B. (x + 3) (x + 10) D. (x – 3) (x –10) Mathematics | 18 CA 501 | General Education Reviewer Mathematics The hypotenuse of a right-angle  Straight Angle – Measure is exactly 180 triangle is 25 feet. If one leg is 24 feet, degrees what is the length of the other leg? B. Special Angle Pairs 24 feet A. 5 ft C. 20 ft B. 6 ft D. 7 ft  Complementary Angles – Any two angles whose combined measures equal to 90 degrees b Solution c2 = a2 + b2 252 = 242 – b2 625 = 576 – b2 625 – 576 = b2 49 = b2  Supplementary Angles – Any two angles whose √49 = √b2 combined measure equal to 180 degrees b=7 7. Probability - Probability simply means “chances” Formula:  Vertical Angles – 2 angles formed by intersecting Example lines. They cannot be adjacent, and they are always - A gumball machine has 18 pieces remaining (6 equal in measure. They are across from one blue, 5 yellow, 7 red). The probability of getting another. a blue gumball is A. 6/18 C. 7/18 B. 1/3 D. 5/18  Adjacent angles – 2 angles which share a vertex, share a side but do not overlap. - A gumball machine has 18 pieces remaining (6 blue, 5 yellow, 7 red). The probability of getting a red gumball is A. 6/18 C. 7/18 B. 1/3 D. 5/18 2. Polygons - Closed figure - Straight sides - No curves Rules of Probability