C9 - Analyzing and Overcome Hazards.pdf

CHAPTER 9 Analyzing and Overcome Hazards in Kayaking BDY543 - Kayaking  HAZARD anything that has the potential to harm the health or safety of a person. RISK DEFINITION the significance of the hazard in terms of likelihood a...

CHAPTER 9 Analyzing and Overcome Hazards in Kayaking BDY543 - Kayaking  HAZARD anything that has the potential to harm the health or safety of a person. RISK DEFINITION the significance of the hazard in terms of likelihood and severity of any possible injury, illness or OF KEY outcome. TERMS RISK ASSESSMENT systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to the task of identifying, analyzing, assessing, treating and monitoring risks.  It is responsible to ensure undertake a thorough risk assessment prior to activities to ensure that additional requirements are considered and if required undertaken. All on-water activity involve a level of risks and hazards which can be eliminated by thorough planning, good Leadership skills and effective Scope & management. Purpose To fulfill the goal in pursing high standards of safety, education and training in all aspects of the kayaking activities. To provide the minimum requirements for the safety and conduct of kayaking activities. To operate and promote safe, well run and enjoyable kayaking activities. ACTIVITY PLAN People Leader Program objectives Ratios of leader to participant Size of group Competence and skills of To assists a leader Age, fitness, medical and leader to handle all possible to identify and skills of participants situations achieve a programs goals Level of supervision required Qualification and and objectives Duration of activity requirements for leader while helping to Leader's experience and foresee and knowledge of the area minimize risks Cancellation, modification and hazards. of plans procedure Equipment Environment Personal and group Location and route selection equipment in good working Location specific condition information Food, water and clothing Maps and charts available requirements Permits and permission Communication coverage requirements First aid Water availability Minimal impact capabilities Seasonal changes Evacuation accessibility  ability to gain an up-to-date forecast is vital to any planning and risk management WEATHER while in the field. RISK MANAGEMENT A process should be directly applied to the management of safety risks associated with planning organized kayaking activities and must be undertaken prior to each organized activity occurring. All personnel or organizations allows to establish a programmed response conducting kayaking activities develop to incidents that reduce the consequences should such incidents occur. an Emergency Management Plan  Chain of Command persons or positions with which a leader should EMERGENCY communicate or report to, in the event of an emergency response. MANAGEMENT Communication Systems and Technology PLAN assisted by various technological modes of communication. consideration should always be given to their limitations. information should be accurately provided to the recipient of such calls for assistance.  serious injury or fatality serious threats to personal safety from high-risk environmental conditions lost participants priority of tasks: immediate, second, third exit routes, emergency and evacuation procedures Emergency contact details for base camp, and program administrators as required Procedures contact details for police, rescue and medical services in the area communication modes and protocols location management vehicle, boat or helicopter access identification of nearest medical facilities bushfire / lightning / flooding  Up to date with the latest techniques, Confirm head count before departure RESPONSIBILITY, teaching methods and throughout trip COMPETENCY & Safety issues, legal responsibilities and risk management information Be alert for physical and psychological condition of the group QUALIFICATION Extend the knowledge and skills of Leaders Control the pace of the group OF THE LEADERS Research likely hazards Rest group if necessary Ensure, to the best of their ability, Confirm group experience/capabilities that participants do not get into situations beyond their capabilities Ensure a full briefing of participants is clearly carried out and understood Designate responsibility to other leaders Check environmental conditions Confirm headcount after trip Ensure that all group equipment is stored correctly Notify appropriate persons of safe completion Basic life support & First aid kits qualifications Check all equipment on return  It is the responsibility of the leader to brief the participants on a number of factors to help ensure a safe, fun, successful program. PROGRAM / ACTIVITY BRIEFING It will help participants understand the expectations of the program and any circumstances may happen.  The standard signals, signs and any communication tools of kayaking. The correct fitting and wearing of appropriate Lifejackets / PFD and it is recommended to be worn at all times. The correct and safe operation of any (including safety) equipment The correct and safe handling and navigation of kayaking. What need The whereabouts of all group and safety equipment. Kayaking techniques, paddling control and group’s capsize to brief? procedure. A group medical concerns and foreseeable hazards. Program for the day, role of each participants and expectations of each participants. In sea programs, the group spacing and average speed as well as the signals to be used by the trip leader and participants. Sun and/or environmental protection.  GROUP SIZE An important consideration from group management and more. The leader need to consider when deciding on group size may include; Accommodation Environmental Permit Program goals Available Leader numbers Transport limits limits impact limitations and objectives resources RATIOS The following ratios are A risk analysis must be provided as a baseline for conducted for all paddling the calculation of activities to determine the operating leader/guide to appropriate ratios for the participant numbers. group and its activity.  Ratio 1:4 participants have special needs & younger children Poor weather conditions any planned trip is along a committing shoreline with few safe egress points area is remote from observation or rescue Ratios For Ratio 1:6, 1:8 Flatwater/Inland acceptable ratio of leader/guides to participants if using double kayaks. Waterways Ratio 1:12 all participants are 17 years of age & above, competent. good weather forecast with light/favorable winds, flat and warm water area is in a non-remote where assistance from other groups or craft might be available planned trip will stay close to an easily accessible shoreline. Ratios For Whitewater On Moving Rivers Up To Grade 3 Grade 3 is 1:4 participants have special needs & younger children river being paddled is in flood water temperature is cold and may affect participant’s capabilities the river is in a remote area river is known to have few large breakouts river has continuous sections of technical water river has frequent ‘pinning’ hazards (rocks, trees, etc.) egress is required above more hazardous sections. Grade 2 ratio may be relaxed to 1:6 two or more instructors are with the total group the whitewater is in short sections rather than being continuous appropriate group management is applied so that only one participant is at the crux point of the rapid at any time.  The acceptable ratio of leader/guides to participants for conducting group kayaking activities at sea is 1:6, or 1:8 if using double kayaks. Ratio of 1:2 participants have special needs & young children foreseeable sea conditions are poor Ratios For Sea water temperature is cold a trip is being undertaken which along a committing shoreline, remote from observation, involves unavoidable tide races or over falls Kayaking Ratio of 1:10 all participants are adults, competent and reliable rollers good weather forecast for a stable sea state water temperatures are warm and present little risk to participants location/route is in not remote and assistance from other groups or craft is available location/route is always close to an easily accessible shoreline the leader holds a higher qualification than required for the activity.  Recreational kayaks about 3 m for singles and wide, large open cockpits. suited to flat, sheltered waters only. SELECTION Touring kayaks 3.5 to 4.5 m in length often have bulkheads and hatches. OF KAYAK They are suited to open waters such as estuaries and bays, but not the open sea. FOR SEA Sea Kayak 4.5 – 6,0 m in length and minimum enclosed volume cockpit Positive buoyancy made up of compartments or fixed flotation CONDITIONS it is recommended that empty compartments be filled with buoyancy material that will minimise the amount of water that enters a compartment in the event that its integrity is compromised Deckline system of at least 6mm in diameter, secured to the deck with fastenings and sufficiently spaced to keep the deckline controlled. The deckline system plus cockpit surrounds should provide handholds for the complete length of the kayak. Toggles or other safe handholds as near as practical to the bow and stern. SELECTION OF KAYAK FOR WHITEWATER CONDITIONS Paddle kayak must be constructed specifically to reduce the risk of bending, folding or entrapment. Specifically, kayak should be fitted with internal supports to resist folding. The cockpit setup should be such that the craft grips the paddler firmly for maximum control and the paddler can exit the craft easily. Kayak should not collapse onto the paddler’s legs. Depth of the cockpit, height of cockpit rim and any seat strapping must not impede exit. Any restraining device must be single handed, single action, quick release. Bow and stern must be rounded. Kayak shall not sink when swamped, should remain horizontal and should support its occupant in the water Footrests should be constructed so that feet will not become jammed.  Sit-on-top (SOT) kayaks are a popular choice among recreational paddlers. SELECTION OF KAYAK FOR Recovery after a capsize is easy; right the FLATWATER / boat and re-board. INLAND CONDITIONS Damaged or loose fittings and hatch covers, not unsinkable. or hull damage may allow the entry of water PADDLE LIFEJACKETS Choose appropriate for the type of kayak It is recommended to all participants and environment in which they are being wear an appropriate lifejacket whose used. construction meets or exceeds National Paddle selection needs to be the Standards at all times while on the water. appropriate length, style and size for Paddlers must also comply with local participants to enable safety and skill equipment regulations, which vary from development. other State & Country One or more spare paddle(s) shall be Lifejackets should be the correct size for carried by the group as appropriate for the wearer and be adjusted correctly the activity, notably at sea and in remote whilst on the water. areas. A whistle attached to the buoyancy aid for emergency use is recommended to enable a person to attract attention. It is highly recommended that all Lifejackets be of a bright colour. OTHERS EQUIPMENT NEEDED HELMET SPRAYCOVER Comply with National Standards, may vary from It is also known as spraydecks or sprayskirts other State & Country. It is must correctly fit the kayak and stay fitted Made of strong, lightweight material and buoyancy during all aspects of Whitewater and Sea paddling. to float Fit and cover the head to provide ample protection to the forehead, temple and back of the head. Have an effective fastener to fix the helmet securely in place Have a good system to absorb the shock from impacts and to provide a separation distance between the outside of the helmet and the paddler ’s head. OTHERS EQUIPMENT NEEDED TOWLINE NAVIGATION TOOLS Quick release system when loaded Maps and/or marine charts, compasses, and GPS receivers shall be carried as deemed Floating system when released from kayak appropriate for the navigational requirements Brightly coloured rope is advised of the activity, 15 – 20 m in length for Sea paddling It is shall be treated and/or stored in such a way as to make them water resistant. Waist tow systems are not recommended for use at sea because of the forces involved. No single navigation system should be relied upon. Consideration needs to be given to the thickness and stretch characteristics of the Where an electronic system such as a GPS is rope in terms of safety, ease of deployment used, spare batteries and another position and recovery and repacking. fixing method should be available. COMMUNICATION TOOLS The communication equipment should be carried as appropriate for the activity and area of operation. Electronic and other equipment which can be damaged by water is to be carried in water resistant containers. Leaders are responsible to determine the equipment to be carried by all participants: marine whistle mobile phone signaling mirror marine VHF radio flares (red, smoke, parachute) torch strobe light UHF radio satellite phone chemical light stick (or electronic equivalent) EPIRB SAFETY AND RESCUE TOOLS Basic rescue equipment should be carried where it is quickly and easily accessible. Paddlers should receive training in the use of any rescue equipment that they carry, and regularly practice its use. All leaders are to have an appropriate towing system easily accessible to be deployed quickly when needed. Other participants may also carry towlines, as appropriate for the activity and at the discretion of the leader. All towing systems must be quick-release and should be set up which not restrict the maneuverability of the towing boat. Whitewater Rescue kit contents; a throw bag containing at least 15 metres of suitable rescue rope two karabiners two prusik cords tape sling 50cm of 25mm breathing tube-as a minimum a sharp knife or rescue knife (all leaders on Whitewater and Sea) a rescue saw, if in white water  It is a reasons exist to document parts of an activity plan. Use for search and rescue situations, activity information is available and clear to all leaders and evidence for any legal proceedings. PRE ACTIVITY Medical forms for participants DOCUMENTATION Emergency contact details Program, trip and float plan to include put in and take out locations and intend route Summary of medical conditions for all leaders Permit and bookings confirmation Consent from (signed by guardian if under 18)  Food and Clothing Drink OTHERS REQUIREMENTS Insurance Sun – if Protection require The end of topic Q & A session Thank You