C3.1.integration_of_body_systems__cells_tissues_organs_and_body_systems_as_a_hierarchy_.pdf

C3.1 Integration of body systems C3.1.2 Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism. Multicellular organisms are organized in a hierarchy of organization A system is a group of interacting component parts that act toge...

C3.1 Integration of body systems C3.1.2 Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism. Multicellular organisms are organized in a hierarchy of organization A system is a group of interacting component parts that act together to form a unified whole. In multicellular organisms, there is a hierarchy of systems: System Component Parts Cell Organelles and molecules Tissue Cells Organ Tissues Organ system Organs Organism Organ systems Cells According to the Cell Theory , the cell is the “basic” unit of life, meaning it is the smallest structural unit that is capable of using energy to sustain itself in a highly ordered state. Cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to take specific shapes and perform specific functions. Tissues Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a function. Tissues can contain more than one type of cell. The cells in a tissue must stick together and communicate with each other to coordinate function. There are four basic types of tissue in humans: Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and tendons ). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). Alveolar epithelium is an example of a tissue where more than one cell type is present, because different adaptations are required for the overall function of the tissue (B2.3.8) Muscle tissue includes striated muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of neurons and is used to carry electric impulses to and from various parts of the body Organs Organs are groups of tissues that work together to perform a function. Organs contain more than one type of tissue. For example: In humans the kidneys are organ of excretion In plants The leaf is an organ of photosynthesis Organ System Organ systems are groups of organs that interact to perform a function. Human Organ Systems Nervous system (C3.1.3) Skeletal system (B3.3.5) Respiratory system (B3.1.4) Integumentary system (C3.2.2) Circulatory system (B3.2.14) Immune system (C3.2.4) Digestive system Reproductive system (D3.1.4) Excretory system (D3.3.7) Endocrine system (C3.1.3) Muscular system Organism ▪ An organism is a living individual made up of interconnected parts. Interactions and coordination between organ systems allow organisms to engage in the processes necessary to sustain life. Emergent Properties A PROPERTY (quality, or characteristic of something) that EMERGES (becomes apparent, important, or prominent) at each level of biological organization only when the parts interact in a wider whole, i.e. it is not present in the lower levels. Part Part New attribute, Part WHOLE The Parts quality or Part Together characteristic "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" Understanding one level of biological organization does not necessarily help you understand other levels. ◎ The properties at the new level are not equal to the sum of the properties of the component levels. ◎ Instead, at each level, new properties and rules emerge that cannot be predicted by observations and knowledge of the lower levels. For example: a water molecule has different properties than the atoms that make it up ATOMS MOLECULE Hydrogen atoms = gas at room temperature Water molecule = Oxygen atom = gas at room temperature liquid at room temperature Watch this video. After watching the video what properties emerge at each level organization in our cardiovascular system? Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism  What properties emerge at each level? cell tissue organ organ system organism The characteristics Heart tissues are Collectively all Together the The organism is able of “life” emerge at able to have of the tissues of components of the to use the blood to the cellular level of synchronized the heart are cardiovascular system perform all of the biological contractions able to work are able to transport interconnected organization. due to together to blood throughout the functions needed to interactions pump blood. body. survive and amongst cardiac reproduce. cells. Integration of organs in animal bodies  The organs of animal bodies are integrated to form a functioning whole. This integration involves effective communication and the transport of materials and energy. Two systems of the body are used for internal communication: the endocrine system and the nervous system. These two systems are required to work together to maintain body processes such as digestion, maintaining heart rate, blood glucose levels and blood pressure.  The Nervous system Consists of: o Central nervous system (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord o Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – all of the nerves in the body Information is sent through the nervous system in the form of electrical impulses – these are electrical signals that pass along nerve cells known as neurons, bundle of neurons is known as a nerve. The nerves spread out from the central nervous system to all other regions of the body and importantly, to all of the sense organs  The endocrine system o The endocrine glands that produce hormones in animals are known collectively as the endocrine system. o A hormone is a chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland and carried by the blood. o A gland is a group of cells that produces and releases one or more substances (a process known as secretion).