Anatomy Study Guide PDF

# What is Anatomy? Anatomy is the study of structure and form of the human body. The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word anatome, which means to cut apart or dissect. ## Anatomists Anatomists are scientists who study the structure and form of organisms. They examine the relationships amo...

# What is Anatomy? Anatomy is the study of structure and form of the human body. The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word anatome, which means to cut apart or dissect. ## Anatomists Anatomists are scientists who study the structure and form of organisms. They examine the relationships among parts of the body, as well as the structure of individual organs. ## Anatomical Studies Anatomical studies can be done on dead and living bodies through two ways: ### Gross Anatomy - Also known as macroscopic anatomy - Studies structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the eye by the naked eye (such as studying the intestines, stomach, brain). ### Microscopic Anatomy - Uses the microscope for structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. - Has two main divisions: - **Cytology** (the study of body cells) - **Histology** (the study of tissues) # Fields of Studying Anatomy - **Surface anatomy:** studies the projection of internal structure on the surface of the body (e.g., heart, lung, and kidney). - **Applied or clinical anatomy:** involves the application of anatomical knowledge in the study of medicine. - **Surgical anatomy:** deals with the surgical procedures based on anatomical facts (e.g., surgical incisions, exposures, etc.). - **Radiological anatomy:** the study of internal structures, using X-rays and other medical imaging techniques; ultrasonic, computerize tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance image (MRI). - **Endoscopy:** examination of the inside a viscus (e.g., laryngoscope). - **Comparative anatomy:** examines the differences in the anatomy of different species. - **Embryology:** the study of the first eight weeks of development in humans. - **Pathologic anatomy:** examines all anatomic changes resulting from a disease. Both gross anatomic changes and microscopic structures are examined. You can study gross anatomy through the two following ways: - **Systemic anatomy:** studies the anatomy of each body system (e.g., studying the urinary system which includes the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder.) - **Regional anatomy:** studies all the structures of a given region, even if they belong to different body systems (e.g., studying the head region, it is done by examining the muscles, blood vessels, nerves, different structures as eye and ear of this region). # Body Levels of Organization The human body consists of levels of structural organization: cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism 1. **Cells:** structural and functional living units of an organism and the smallest living units in the human body. 2. **Tissues:** groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. 3. **Organs:** are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes. 4. **Systems:** consists of a group of organs that carry out one major function (e.g., digestive system). 5. **An organism:** is any living individual. # Tissues of the Body There are four main tissue types in the body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Each is designed for specific functions: ### Epithelial Tissue - Covering and lining - Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs and body cavities. - Also forms glands. ### Connective Tissues - Support - Binds structures together, forms a framework and support for different organs. - Stores energy reserves as fat. - Provides immunity against disease-causing organisms. - Includes: - **Loose connective tissue:** (e.g., adipose tissue). - **Dense connective tissue:** (e.g., the sheets of fascia). - **Cartilage** - **Bone tissue** - **Liquid connective tissue** (blood tissue and lymph). ### Muscular Tissue - Movement - Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move. - Also generates body heat ### Nervous Tissue - Control - Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body. - Responds by the needed action - Makes the nerve impulses that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions. # Systems of the Human Body - **Skin (Integumentary System)** - **Skeletal & Articular** - **Muscular System** - **Nervous System** These are depicted in diagrams with labeled body parts.