19th Century British History PDF

19th Century in the British history A cette époque vrm le but d’agrandir le territoire, bcp de colonies etc… Le 19è siècles c’est : 1801 : Active union between Britain and Scotland AND Ireland 1901 : Victoria’s death There is also a « long » 19th century that begins in 1783 with the treaty of Pari...

19th Century in the British history A cette époque vrm le but d’agrandir le territoire, bcp de colonies etc… Le 19è siècles c’est : 1801 : Active union between Britain and Scotland AND Ireland 1901 : Victoria’s death There is also a « long » 19th century that begins in 1783 with the treaty of Paris. I - 1800-1811 : William Pitt and rapid changes in government He was a Tory PM, il a fait 2 mandats 1784-1801 and 1804-1806. En faveur d’un strong monarchy, keeping power to the aristocracy and the land owners (estate que c’est ceux qui ont eu la terre depuuuuuis ou les nouveaux riches avec colonies et factories). Pendant son 2è mandant, il fait Act of Union et Reforms the East India Company (major organization that deals with trades in India at the time) La question c’est est-ce que c’est les nouveaux riches ou anciens qui vont run the country. Il était le plus jeune que britain has ever known. Il a fait face à 6 major challenges, notamment contre Charles Fox. 1. To face sharing the world with France. Ils ont tjrs été en guerre les 2, ils ont aidé les ennemis des autres. Les guerres entre le 18 et 19 ont engendré des taxes + élevées, mais certaines industries sont qd meme boostées (du métal, armes…), textiles 2. The whig opposition, Charles James Fox and Georgina Cavendish. Charles Grey was a whig author at the time.  Tories (Conservatives): o Supported the monarchy and the Church of England. o Advocated for maintaining traditional hierarchies and resisting major reforms. TORIES: Brittain keep all their power (conservative = you want things remain as they are so no change). Want the church to be really strong (Anglican Church – protestant). They were very cotious of the French revolution and afraid of the consequences of it. In favour of very strong lord, prevent protest and rebellion (maintient de l’ordre), not  wanted to extend, not want more people. Against reform that would extend the franchise. Liberal tories: middle (open to some change) High tories -) where the most conservative tories (often members of the church) Tories where more (compacte et uni comparé au Whigs)  Whigs (Liberals) - (1815 - Post-War Era): o Favored constitutional monarchy with less royal (crown) power. =)They aimed for a balanced distribution of power between the monarchy and Parliament.  Supported some parliamentary reforms including expanding voting rights (referred to as the franchise) to include laborers = expanded civil liberties. o Sympathy for religious minority, care for merchants and bankers Radicals: o Advocated for extensive voting reform, including universal male suffrage. o Focused on economic reforms and workers' rights. The RADICALS : (REFORM) Influenced by the French revolution. Not numerous (not a lot) but very active: published puflet, massive meeting. In favour of reforme of all area of society: politic system, voting systeme, how labour class were treating, not in favour of violence. The radical were influenced by a thinker: Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832)* check his biography  Chartists: o A working-class movement advocating for the People’s Charter. o Demanded universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and parliamentary reform.  Free Trade Liberals: o Advocated for economic reforms, especially free trade policies. o Supported the repeal of the Corn Laws to reduce food prices. Repeal of the corn law (46)  Irish Parliamentary Party: o Focused on Home Rule for Ireland (greater Irish autonomy). o Opposed British land policies in Ireland. 3) A problem with the crown (the madness of King George film) 4) Catholic emancipation was a challenge for the integration of India. The major religion is protestantism (anglicanism or church of england), c’est Henry the 8 qui a fondé. They want to se distancer des Catholics. But who ? Destroy churches, change the law, propaganda, make catholic banned of university, no access to stayed jobs. So in 1801, there was the Act of Union with Ireland which has a majority of catholics. So England said we will provide catholics emancipation, we will give them rights (have good jobs, become member of parliament). Mais ça a été retardé encore et encore et en 1820 ce n’était tjrs pas fait. Inquisition used to take place in Spain pour faire croire aux gens à la « bonne religion », c’est un abus que l’Eglise peut avoir qd elle contrôle les believers, cela fait peur aux protestants qui ont peur que les catholics fassent la meme chose s’ils ont leurs droits. Les challenges étaient de convaincre le gouv de tolérer le catholicisme et d’être des membres du parlement. Daniel O’Connell a aidé à faire cela il a refocus l’attention sur les catholics. This leds to the catholics relief act in 1829 where catholics could become members of parliament. 5) The abolition of slavery, since the end of the 18th century, ya des gens qui se sont battu pour abolir l’esclavage dans l’empire britannique (USA, Caribbean islands, Jamaica that used to produce sugar cane and also cotton) The idea was to promote abolition of slavery. One of the way was to try and describe their situations. Certains ont meme écrit leurs histoires comme Olaudo Equiano. Il y avait aussi des arguments religieux notamment apportés par William Wilberforce qui disait que tu ne pouvais pas être chrétien et avoir des esclaves. In 1807 was voted the abolition of the slave trail. You were not supposed to buy and sale people and to take part of the slave trail but if you own slaves this isn’t illegal. Stiff = rigide, qui ne bouge pas Rake = aristo sans morale Weat = blé Libel = la diffamation II - 1811-1820 : Regency glam and jam Quand George a été déclaré incapable de gouverner alors c’est son fils qui a pris son rôle. Regency c’est aussi une période qui s’étale un peu + fin du 18 début 19. 1815 the corn law was voted. Interdire l’import de blé (weat) étranger (à l’époque corn c’est céréales genre blé, orge, seigle) jusqu’à un certain prix qui est très rare. We observe the développement of factories and machines at this time. It transformed the fabric of the life of ordinary people and also created a new culture of working life, it changed la vision du temps. C’est le début du capitalisme. C’est le shift of an individual craftsman to a factory worker. Certains de ces craftman ont vu cette transformation et ça ne leur a pas plus, certains ont décidé de casser les machines qui volaient leur taf. The Luddites (movement of textile workers in early 19th-century who protested against industrialization by destroying machines they saw as a threat to their jobs) sont connu comme ceux qui se sont levé contre ce changement. Y avait une récompense pour ceux qui les trouvaient. In 1813 y en a 70 qui ont été exécutés. 1815 waterloo battle, it’s the end of the war with France, head by the duc of Wellington. Elle a été très meurtrière pour les 2 camps. Après ça économie pas top. Le PM d’après était aussi un tory mais liberal. Radicalism persisted and grew. We’re going to talk a lot about Manchester and Liverpool. In 1817, a long protest of the blanketeers (Ce nom vient du fait que les manifestants portaient souvent des couvertures (blankets) sur leurs épaules pour se protéger du froid pendant leur longue marche de protestation. Les Blanketeers étaient principalement des ouvriers textiles de Manchester, qui marchaient vers Londres en 1817 pour demander des réformes politiques et économiques, notamment de meilleures conditions de travail et un soutien face aux difficultés causées par la crise économique). Mais un groupe de yeomen les ont arrêtés 10km plus loin. Ils sont en charge de garder le calme dans la ville en gros mais ils sont pas payés par l’état et ont un contrat avec la ville. 16 aout 1819 le peterloo massacre avec 18 personnes killed. III - 1820-1830 : George IV 1820 : George III dies and VI become king. Depuis 1701 interdit a un king ou queen de marier un catholic. Donc il a dû marier sa femme en soumsoum. Il était marié donc a Caroline of Brunswick la protestante en public. Mais ils s’entendaient tellement pas qu’il voulait la divorcer mais ça a pas été accepté. Et même qd il est devenu king elle était pas là. 1825 : Stockton and Darlington railway 1830 : Liverpool and Manchester railway It will change the vision fo the world. At first used for marchandise soit ppl. 1829 : Catholic Relief Act with Daniel O’Connell il a été élu 2x alors que catholic 16/09/24 Primary sources : écrites au moment de l’événement Secondary sources : écrites après l’évènement (souvent par des historiens) Archives : documents officiels, correspondances historiques gardés par l’état Doc 1 Musket = type of gun To be cluttered = être encombré Weaver = Tisserand Avant qu’il y est les cities and towns it was the countryside and craftsmen’s homes. If you were a weaver, you had a machine and people come to use it, or people who sell what they do in the shop. Et d’un coup, factories avec bcp de personas et de matière première. Tout a changé. Et c’est pour ça qu’ils allaient dans les villes pour pouvoir accueillir tout le monde. L’industrialisation a permis the interchangeability, you can change every screw, every parts of everything and it still looks the same. Very useful for the muskets at this time. It’s more efficient, la production accélère énormément. Doc 2 To catch the culprits = pour attraper les coupables Luddites = named after ned lud who lived into a forest. Started a mouvement where ppl attacked machines/frames Power loom = métier à tisser mécanique (grace à l’eau puis électricité) Food shortages = pénurie alimentaire Hosiery = bonneterie Knitwear = tricot Disrupted = perturbé 17 d’entre eux ont été exécutés en 1812, le gouvernent essayait d’empêcher ce mouvement d’arriver. It is called a deterrent. Doc 3 Might = pouvoir (dans le sens du roi) Undivided = a cause des machine ce pouvoir est partout (train, machine, factories…) In readiness = used Cunning abbreviating = chacun a un seul role précis Vaporous wing = steam boat Oar = rames (?) Loaded with spoils = we have so much that we don’t need (about the production of the machines) Unwearied servant = that is never tired 1/ The sailor doesn’t use his knowledge anymore. They don’t rely on traditional knowledge and skills. Because don’t have enough power. Same for the weather because pas assez rapide. 2/ The invention fo the engine and the standardization and the interchangeability. 3/ Métaphore and personnification are used. It’s an elevated and elegant style. It’s not technical at all. Presque grandiose and romantic. He describes it as he would describe a landscape. He’s expressing nostalgia and anxiety. 4/ Because they do the same work over and over, they don’t think anymore. Creating a split into people hearts. You are disconnected in what you are doing. How much become more important than how. Doc 4 1/ Cromford Mill, the water power, he invented the spinning frame (to make thread), also the whole principal of powering a frame with water. 2/ Advantages are productivity, indefatigable (kind of power that never get tired) Automaton = machines They don’t think about how many power they use, ils sont juste choker d’à quel point c’est utile et efficace 3/ Main difficulties is to train factory workers. Make it one cooperative body, work together cooperatively, around the machine. So the best way to train the workers is before the age of puberty for him. Sinon ils seront lazy, they will have restive habit. Selon lui c’est de leur ressort, pas à cause des conditions etc… Suite de l’approche chronologique 1830-37 : William IV came after George IV. Petit à petit les monarch influencent de moins en moins les partis politiques. The last one who tried to have an influence in politics. 1830-32 : First Major Cholera Epidemic, resulted into 52k people who died in cities. One of the pb was that ppl couldn’t explain what was going on. It was very violent. One of the theories was the miasma theory : the particules in the air was carrying the decease. So people tried to ventilate prison, institution… it didn’t worked. Graveyards were overcrowded. Board of Health (created in 1802) gave contradictory directions and had very limited power. 1830-41 : Whigs in power VS Tories. Whigs are asking fro MPs (members of parliament) to be more representative. 1831 : Swing Riots against the mechanization of Agriculture. A system that started to expand toward the country. When they start to applying it to agriculture, one of the ways to use it was with the threshing (is when you separate grains from straw when you cut the wit). That’s where they started the mechanization. It is more efficient, pris le travail de saisonnier pendant la moisson. Tes owners needed less ppl to work in their fields, so ppl decided to put fire on the machines. It was signed by the name of Captain Swing. It was called the swing riot. Tout ça pour mettre la pression au gouvernement sur leurs conditions de travail, voulaient des reformes. Le gouvernement a répondu avec pressure, 2 000 was arrested, 6 000 was send to prison and 5 000 transported. One of the aims was to try and put pression on parliament for reforms of all kinds. There was a series of reforms :  The great reform Act  Blablabla   Slavery  blablaba I- The great reform Act in 1832 Reform of the electoral system, because the constituencies (district of voter) was mal représentés, même des endroits avec personnes avaient leur MP. Strong opposition of the tories. Le but était de réévaluer toutes les parties qui votent pour être plus représentatif 23/09/24 (suite) The way they vote raises a lot of qst. Vote were not representative. The ppl in parliament were not representative of the ppl who voted.  No secret bulletin, you can control who will vote or not  You’d have to avoir des terres pour voter (pocket boroughs)  Rotten boroughs —> presque pas de votants mais qd même un ou deux MPs They reorganized the constituencies. So the parliament were a little more representative (poor ppl could not vote, or ppl without lands, women) 1833 : Factory Act limits Child Labour Before this date, children for the age of 5 could be expected to work 14h a day. There was a troc system, it was like a market in the factory, instead of being paid in poney, ils avaient des espèce de born d’achats pour cet endroit. Le gouv s’est dit qu’il y avait besoin de régulation dans ce truc. Un qui a été super actif c’est Richard Oastler (called a radical Tory), he said that work condition in Yorkshire are comparable to slavery. It was said that les enfants étaient pad assez grands pour négocier avec leur employeur donc un pays comme ça pouvait pas engager des enfants. Avoir des reformes c’est bien mais il fallait vérifier qu’elles étaient respectées, donc y avait des vérifications dans les factories. 1807 : Slave trade act First step towards abolition, they stopped the trade. But actually slaves were smuggled across the British empire, also bc when you own a slave, you also own his children. 1833 : Slavery Abolished in the British empire Many members of parliament who opposed the bill of the idea of abolition. Because many MPs owns plantation, there was a big corruption. They used to had money in sugar. If slavery is abolished, the profits from sugar will be bad. Also, there would be a competition with the US. They also were afraid of a « lost of propriety », because slaves were seen as their propriety. Ppl moved to a new decision to convinced owners, it was to offer a compensation of £20M s’ils les laissent. 50/slave who was freed. Ils devaient tous écrire au gouvernement pour dire combien d’esclaves ils laissaient et avoir la compensation. Par contre les esclaves n’avaient pas du tout de compensation, ils sont libres petit à petit. Au début ils continuent de travailler sous bcp de conditions (pendant 1 an, sans quitter la terre…) Souvent, les esclaves étaient dans un autre pays, et les owners en Angleterre. (Lien pour un film à voir intéressant dessus) 1834 : Poor law amendment act : Union Work Houses They’re changing something to the poor law. There was the indoor relief (a way in which you would have some kind of accommodation for the poor) All England divisé en cities, boroughs, parishes. Les churches enregistraient les poor dans un parish. They had a certain amount of indoor and outdoor reliefs (you’re going to supply food or money to family qui ont besoin) Ils étaient aussi divisés en 3 catégories (Able-bodied poor, impotent poor and ideal poor. Ces catégories étaient importantes pour la nouvelle loi. A cette époque les parishes étaient rempli pcq trop de monde, ils ont voulu être organisés. Une des choses étaient que certains parishes pouvaient merge into one body qui take care of poor. Aussi enlevé les outdoor reliefs. Comme ils étaient ensemble, ils pouvaient construire un endroit ou les gens pouvaient travailler et vivre pour les « sortir » de a pauvreté. Donc le gouv s’est dit que tt le monde voudrait aller dans ces maison donc qu’il fallait faire les unattractive work conditions sinon tt le monde voudrait y aller. 1837 : Poor law poster Une caricature qui montre tt ce que les gens ont vécu dans ces houses (fro exemple they used to beat hemp) mais y avait qd meme bcp de gens qui voulaient faire pcq ils avaient nul part ou aller et rien a manger. 1834 : Tolpuddle Martyrs 5 men arrested and transported to Tasmania for swearing a secret oath to the « friendly union of agricultural » Public outrage and after 2 years of transportation, the martyrs were pardoned. Petit à petit, union était un peu + accepté mais juste un peu, pour faire une activité aux workers. Il y avait un village avec des travailleurs des champs. A l’époque c’était une pratique de swear a secret oath entre les membres de l’union. 5 d’entre eux ont eu une cérémonie ou ils ont dit qu’ils donneraient leurs vies pour l’union. C’était considéré illégal pcq c’était un secret. Ils ont été condamnés à 7 ans de transportation. Les gens ont fait une pétition que 800 000 personnes ont signés 1837 : William IV dies, Accession of Queen Victoria Women in charge, grabbed stabilité dans le royaume. Elle a un impact culturel dans cette période. Women in the victorian age : we think about women being separated, staying in the house with an impossible situation (genre tout sourire, beaux enfants, tout est parfait : the angel in the house). A cause de cette cultural representation, elles restaient toutes à la maison. C’était un moment ou y avait bcp de working classes donc bcp de besoin de taffer, c’était une période ou on revoyait bcp le droit des femmes. It was a patriarcal society, women could not vote so they were not represented at all. C’est sur ça qu’ils se sont concentrés in the 19th century. The corn law and the anti-corn league 1838 : Anti-Corn Law League The corn law banned the imports of cereals. It was profitable pour les lands owners. Even when you were employed in factories, you spend everything in bread et après t’as plus rien pour manger. Des gens se sont dit que si personnes ne faisait rien pour baisser le prix, il y allait avoir une starvation : surtout John Bright et Richard Cobden Calico Factory. Anti-corn law league : headquarters in Manchester. It was a non violent society, but they had a lot of propaganda. They wanted more ppl into the league so they can mettre la pression au gouv. Y avait même des femmes dans la league à la fin. Les femmes prenaient un rôle dans la société avec cette organisation. Ce qui les a aider a spread beh propaganda, was printed and distribution. Also, they organized mass meetings, avec des speakers pour convaincre les gens. Il y avait 2 diff mouvements qui essayaient d’improve beh conditions of the poor (avec lui). II- The Empire Strakes back 1839-42 : First Opium War British marchands vendaient de l’opium cultivé en Inde. L’opium est devenu public health and security pb in China. L’empereur de china a décidé de l’interdire pour le réguler. In china, there was une part du pays ou britain étaient autorisé à vendre et acheter. Les anglais n’ont pas cala le ban et ont continué à en vendre. Un jour l’a chine a arrêté un bateau et a coulé l’opium (million of pounds). Donc there was a tension bc at the same time, there was a British vendeur coupable de meurtre en chine. La chine voulait le juger mais British refused. Donc tension escalated to a war. British attacked the port of canton and won against china donc avaient + de port pour vendre l’opium. III- Chartism Un autre mouv qui essaye de supporter les poor, they were opposed par la representativity au parliament. Selon eux si personne te représente t’auras jamais de loi pour toi dans ton sens. It’s the first working-class movement. Le premier principe était que chaque homme devrait voter. Universal men suffrage. They should be voting anonymement. Pas de propriété qualification for members of parliament … 30/09/24 19th century British History, 1848-1867 : Great Exhibition, Crimean War, Indian Mutiny Chartism :  1839 : chartists riots. First working class political movement, pas assez bien represents au parliament. Six point Charter (c’est bien si ale connais par ♡), avec ce qu’ils veulent. Evidemment ça s’est pas tjrs bien passé : John Frost and the Newport (Wales) uprising (11/1839). Les conditions là-bas étaient vrm dur. Il travaillait dans a textile industry. Il a organisé qqlch pour demander la libération de certains de ces camarades du mouvement. Cette fois-ci, l’armée était au courant de ce qui allait se passer grace à des espions dans le mouvement (pratique courante à l’époque). L’armée a eu l’autorisation de tirer sur ceux qui venaient pour manifester, c’est ce qu’il s’est passé, il y a eu des morts, certains ont été condamnés à mort ou sent to transportation (towards Australia and New-Zealand. About Robert Peel (a conservative PM in 1841), who was a tory, but was investing to change the appearance of the tories. Il a été influencé par un group of economists « the Manchester School » in faveur of free trade. 1839: Chartists Riots It originated from the working classes, their released they were not represented in the parliament. It’s a matter about having something to eat and have warm clothes. What the Chartists: to be able to work for good morning so that you don’t need to have to do extract things to pay for basics things. They want payment (not work on top of being in the parliament), annually parliament. This arguments were developed by the Chartist movement. They would send petition pleading for…. But this not turn out well (movie of the story of John Frost and the Newport (Wales) uprising (November 1839). He were working in the textile industry, in south wales, he organized something to relies from prison some people (who?). But the gathering was not allowed so they do in secret, gather and protest. But the police new this time as they had spies to disturb their movement. The leaders were sentenced to death so they were not killed but sent to transportation in Australia (usually they are sent to Australia and New Zealand). Prim minister: Robert Peel, he wanted to change the politics of the Tories: conservative. Cautious reforms. They were moderate, in fact they were so cautious that it was more of an appearance, more economic argument, influenced by Tamworth. 1842 : Second Chartist petition 1842 – secnd chartist petition, signed by 100 000 people and it was long to be made before reaching the parlement. It was rejected by 287 to 49 vote. A few people didn’t wanted even to see it, they didn’t wanted to speak about it. This disregard provocate several reactions, one in Preston, Lancashire: “plug riots” august 1842. Taking away the plug was a way to stop the factories, the police wanted to stop them and it turned riot (a violent disturbance of the peace by a crowd). 1840es: Railway Mania. 1843: less than 2 000 miles of track, By 1859: another 5 000 miles. The industry provided a lot of jobs, it boosted the metal industry and help to develop other industries as goods could be transported as they didn’t have cars and by extension people started to use the Railway. Railway changed related to times. III Attitude toward the poor The ten hour movement. Supported by Shaftesbury, he argued that working hours should not be more than 10h for children (under 9 could not work anymore) and women and it was granted from the parliament (when it’s an ACT the parliament granted it). 1845: Potato Famine in Ireland (1801 Ireland part of Britain). Potato blight, tenants evicted corn sold England and Scotland. Previous famine in 1821-23. There was a batteries that aftected all the cultures in Ireland but Ireland completed invested in potatoes but if you ate them you got sick so their basic diet were in danger. They sublet it so in a lot of them were left in the countryside with their family and nothing to eat. (WHO DID IT?) Organized an importation of Maize to be sold to the Irish but it was not enough, (part of the import of Corn was exported to England and Scotland was from Ireland to compensate the potatoes problem) 1846: Corn Law Abolished: Whigs in power Peel loses his ministry Debates about the Corn Laws: - Protectionism ≠ Free trade - Threath on farming & employement ≠ famers more competitive - Real Wages ≠ wages that cannot buy bread - Ending famine in Ireland? (Peel) Trade is considered as beneficial but also as a cultural value. When the harvest was bad in Britain it was bad in Europe. Political instability: Conservative party split - “Peelites” (Gladstone) -) coalition government of Lord John Russel with the whigs (but not entirely) - “Protectionists” (Edward Stanley, Lord Derby) It moves every two or three years (political side): instability in parliament 1848: Famine continures in Irealnd - Soup kitchens (Quakers) - Famine should be relieved by the poor law - Minor help from the government (compared with abolition of Slavery of Crimean War) - Cron sold to England 1848: Chartist meeting organized by O’Connor, and seen as threatening to the government. He gather a lot of masses and he tried to make an actually party. He was one of the most popular but he was violent and was incoherent. Each Chartist movement had their own reasons and point to protest. So it was not unnifed and strured. No middle class support because the violence of proprieties and the middle class on their was to get a proprieties didn’t want to support them. They wanted more representation of the working class. They didn’t have one objective, the chart had all kinds of aims. Keep the movement down. 1848: Revolutions in Europe Revolution in France led by La Martine. Also the mars revolution(revolution de février): German revolution (first german flag). In 1848: Great Cholera Epidemic and Public Health Act: People didn’t really understand how it worked and the poor were more sick than the rich. It was never compullsery (mendatory), public health was fragile and not much investment to fight against Cholera. V Rule Brittain 1851: Great Exhibition, presided by Prince Albert. Huge display of engineer… Display of British colonian work (video to watch at home: guided tour of the exhibition) – 6million visitor during the 5 months the exhibition was open, and it put Britain as the center of the world, highly successful and entertaining (worldwild) and it inscreased exchanged with Brittain. Exhibition: Wealth, innovation and exploration and adventure. 1853: Gladstone - Chancellor of the exchequer: in charge of finance and economy (will become prim minister) - Dedicated to free trade Tariffs = taxes on importation and exportation 1854: Snow and the outbreak of Cholera New outbreak, this doctor: Dc.Snow He was convinced it was caused by contaminated water by suage (=egou). In 1854 he proved it was caused by water: by mapping the location and the outbreak. This particularly pump in a poor area was contaminated was contaminated all the other. So if they cleared it they would improve public health. - Crop = culture (ex: the potato crop in 1845 had a disease, called potato blight hit the crop) - Thee = you in ancient language - Sorely = intensly - Trespass = enter property uninvited - Harrowing = distressing - Ratepayers (pay tax, usually owner of their house) vs Paupers (=poor and relied on public aid) - Relief = assistance (une aide) - Grinding = make smaller like you grind spices or coffee beans, you crush them into tiny bits to make them easier to use - The successs of the reapeal corn law is due to the non violence activism of the member of the Anti-Corn Law League - l.14 “The agitation of the repeal of the corn-law....” - popular violence in Britain =) chartism right - l.15 “…. Parliamentary reform” this mean charism - Chartism wanted reform of the parliament to be well represented (as they were not reprensting them at all), so they organized stuff and they were stopped so they were right. - Unobtrusive -) obstruct it didn’t disturb the work as they were doing it after work. - l.16 – “the friend of the law…” - - CHARTISM (=”agitation for parliament reform” and “large assemblages of the working class”) =)working class  - - ANTI Corn-law league (doesn’t want to have higher bread price as they doesn’t want to pay higher the worker) - They said they are not like the CHARTISM they doesn’t make trouble but the people for the limitation of the corn trade (against this law) made fun of the anti-corn law league (as they didn’t do any strike, big assembly ect). - The idea is they didn’t make trouble and they won. - DOC 5 - Robert Peel: prim minister, he addressed it to the MP (member of the parliament - Peel needs to convinced the parliament they need to vote for the Bill, repeal of the corn law (bill is before the act). - It’s a social advancement, he is arguing: l.28 “great people” so it’s about people - He say that they are the best, money l.6, then move on saying not only that but they have a democratic country: L.8 “free instutions, liberty thought and action, speadring knowledge…” - They are the best and they don’t need to compete with others. L11: “shrink from competition”: he is talking about commercial trade. If we repeal the corn law, they will be in competition with American, Italian, Ukrainian corn, and they will not have to pay tax when they will trade to Britain so they will be free trade and open competition. Tariffs were very high in the 17 century, but they are in the 19 century (L.12). L.13: interdiction du commerce liberal, sans taxe, c’est interdit comme il y a des taxes de douane importante “, he compare prohibition with closing doors, so he is comparing Britain with a non climatisation room (no air coming in and it is seekily) “atmosphere of prohibition”. - L.13-14: he moves with his metaphore: competition is air, health ect. - HISTORICAL COMMENT !!! -) at the time air was considering sickly because of chorela. - Brittain cannot remain the leader of the world if they are not getting ride of taxes and opening to the world. If they do, they would be leader and other country will follow: L.17 “…in every state…” give some country: Sardinia, Prussia and even US (a colonial country). US will perhaps releave the taxes. - Not only for the economy, building a culture of peace, peaceful exchange - Last argument of Robert Peel to convinced the government to vote is that the US: l.2 of page 11, “prosperity”; “evil day” =) type of famine/depression(l.3), he is speaking about previous famine in England (he is not talking about Ireland, not talking about the elephant in the room), appealing for their moral, if you vote now, you’ll not be responsible if people call for bread. DOC 3: there Is not enough assistance so individual like Kennedy provide relief to the poor, especially to children. Kitchen soup, the Quakers -) one of the groups of the dissenters. They were known for their tolerance and action. During the famine in Ireland, they organized soup kitchen. =)TENSION BETWEEN THE MEASURE AND CRITISM How was the measure denounced by the contemporary? Exo correction d’un plan:TEACHER: How was famine represented and where people awar of the situation ? I/ Responsibility of the government 1. Measuring (institution measures) 2. More responsibility: critism and corn law (low impact on the famine) II/ Public awareness 3. The role of the press (doc 4) 4. Strategies to raise awareness: illustration to raise empathy and appeal donation III/ Immigration 1854-56 CRIMEAN WAR - “the eastern question”: instability of the ottoman empire - Influence in the Mediterranean region - British allies: turkey, piedmont/France Reveal interest between Russia and Europe, turkey was called black hand??? Something with Turkey and Ruissia. Alexender the 3rd ask to have control through the irish government but England though Russia has another though: to take control of the whole mediterian area, so by pushing control over palestian they would ask to passed there and have more control to this regions. Britain wanted to stop the Russian, it was crussial to do that as at the other end of the empire, Russia was pushing inida, they want to show Russia they have the power to stop them attacking india. The british allies were against Russia. The history of Florence Nightintgale, she was a maid, she went to the front line, nursing the soldiers at the front line. Maternal qualities, she has a strong scientific input (statistic) and sher show the global aproch of the patiente: how they are address, clean, eat… War correspondant of the Times: William howard russel, telegraph so overnight people knew what was happening on the front line, it was experience everyday by the british population. Russell led the soliders to a plane surrounded to the enemy and they charge knowing they knew they were going to die and he wrote an article and the day after they were a response: a poetry by Tenesen. He denounced the decision of the british military happening in the Crimean war: the immidiatie and how we are connected to the word and tragedy (the press). There is a history of fact but also of our relationship with time. 1857-58: INDIAN REBELLION In inda there were rebelle fighting in the north of india, they were accumulating frustations, an event led to major rebellion. So they were indian solider working in inida for british gvt. But the british didn’t respect the differences of cast (social groups) and religion. Thoses cartidges were greased with animal: pork or beaf, so the religion of muslims and indou where not respected. This lead to rebellion. It choked them and made a wider rebellion called the indian rebellion. This episode is just a trigger of much frustrations. - Rebel figjting in the north - Accumulated frustations - “Greased cartridges” even may 1857 - Sieges AND massacres:  o Dehli o Cawnpore o Lucknow - 1858: inidan act: end of the east indian company THE RISE OF GLADSTONE and DISRAELI 1858 – 1879 1857-58: INDIAN REBELLION In inda there were rebelle fighting in the north of india, they were accumulating frustations, an event led to major rebellion. So they were indian solider working in inida for british gvt. But the british didn’t respect the differences of cast (social groups) and religion. Thoses cartidges were greased with animal: pork or beaf, so the religion of muslims and indou where not respected. This lead to rebellion. It choked them and made a wider rebellion called the indian rebellion. This episode is just a trigger of much frustrations. - Rebel figjting in the north - Accumulated frustations - “Greased cartridges” even may 1857 - Sieges AND massacres: o Dehli o Cawnpore (British arrived -) killed everybody) o Lucknow - 1858: inidan act: end of the east indian company WEEK 6 REVIEW - 1857-58: INDIAN REBELLION Trade Union + Worker and their conditions in the 19th century. The east Indian Company (british company) -) institution that govern places. Governer where appointed by the east Indian Company, they were here for trade but they actually where cotrolling most of Indian territory Monochargy. So they where trading and governing -) a lot of corruption which created a lot of frustration of Indians and religious groups (Muslims and especially Hindeous) “Doctrine of Lapse” – Lord Dalhousie Some regions were governed by Indians* 1858 – Indian Act: end of the East Indian Company I/ Society and Culture 1859: Darwin’s Origin of Species - Evolution and adaptation =) natural selection Story of human is still not tell in some American School (Christian school) Darwin theory: the first one to push the idea of natural selection and struggle for life. There is a lot of phenomenal you can’t date with theses theories over this society. Impact: Religion, economic and imperialism. 1. Influence of Religion: because suddenly: god didn’t preveal in the organization of the world. Man are no longer the center of Europe: Man a creature among others. 2. Economic: Could be use to explain capitalism. “Only the fittest survive” (natural selction) -) when applied to society dangerous. You adapt to your environment. Psychology strength -) can survive Herbert Spencer -) social Darwinism It’s natural: you can’t make it, you couldn’t adapt. Added to capitalistic values. The way society is: Production. Capitalism was the natural order of society according to Darwin Theory. 3. Impact on Imperialism: more involved than others. Native society seen as primitive society (considered as his ancestors). 1861: Post Office Savings Bank Before the Penny post the person that recived the letter needed to pay. Most of the ones that had unwanted mail said NO. So the Post Office made things around: made a stamp to say people already pay. - Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer: opened up possibility of saving for “ordinary people” - Handy reserve of money for the government - Development of private savings: “help yourself” mentality Pressure for reform: - “Palaces, baronial castles, great halls, 1871 – Trade Union Reform To own found and protect their properties Strike -) Doing picketing to make the Strike effective (=stop people to go to work) Gvt: you can strike but no Pickity People had to wait until 1875 for Pickity to be legalized 1875: Picketing legalized - Consiparcy and Protection of Property Act (1875) - Employers and workmen Act (1876)  III/ EXPANSION (3rd part of the 19th century) 1875: Disraeli buys Suez Canal shares - Seen as a “Grand Gesture” - Prevents France from gaining full control over Egypt - Watch: YT Britain become the most important owner with France. This was a way to preventing France to control Egypt. To invest the canal it was a lot of money but over time -) became profitable (thanks to the tools paid to get in the boat) 1876: Victoria: Empress of India Disrieli thought it would make the relationship with the queen stronger. A way of celebrating the british corwn to the colony of India at the time. Expanism was not only a fact but also a culture 1876: Anti-Turkish Campaign - Provoked by massacres of Christians in Bulgaria (up to 12 000) - Memorandum sent by allies - Disraeli refuses to sign (thought they could rely on Britain. Turkish Bashi Bazouks killed women and children especially in Bulgaria: Character of massacre) - Campaign Led by Gladstone with his best seller “The Bulgarian Horrors or Questions of the East” - Russian war on Turkey 1878: Congress of Berlin Direali: “Peace with Honour” Gladstone and xx: to watch on YT 1879: Zulu WAR (South Africa) Dutch colonizer called the Bour - Reminder: “The great trek” of 1836 from the Boers (ex: Dutch colonizers) who disliked the British rule - British offered protection to the Boerth States They had two colonies Natal and xx. And they hope to get a 3rd one with the Boerth state (why: expansion) - British invaded Zulu Land in 1879 - Deafeated in Isandhlwana by the Zulus (Cetshwayo) - Zulu defeated in Ulundi (Zulu threat was removed) 1879: Third Afghan war A Bofer(tempon) state to protect India - Afghanistan = seen as a Strategic position of influence by the British He could not relied on to obey orders, he was also dangerously empatient and failed to have a good relationship with (the other country interested is Russia). Russia sent a message, so they decied to talk to Russian But Liten want the Russain out and send soliders into Afghansitan so the Russian came back home. So he put his son instead of the guy he was not in a good relationship with - First Afghan War (1838-42): Afghans won - Second Afghan War against the Russians (July 1878 – May 1879) =) Yakub Khan placed on the throne - Third Afghan War a few months later: siege of the British ministry in Kabul: Abdur Rahman Khan in power (the “Iron Amir”) The new Amir remain friendly with Britain. Expansionism and the Empire: Left: Sir Bartle Frere, high commissioner or South Africa, led to the invasion of Zulu Land and the Boherh Wars. 1879: Gladstone’s Midlothian Campaign - Denounces imperialsm in Aghanistan and south Africa - Builds a strong connection with the middle class - Women and non-voters attend massive political meetings REMINDER: What Gladstone denounce is the black of humanism especially of what was happening in Turkey, he wanted to make a strong connection with the middle class so he made huge meeting with nonvoters and even women’s, it was for the people who does not have the right to vote and rising their wish to vote. The government from 1880 to 1885 – new conservative openent (liberal). After the 1st ministry didn’t last even one year. 1879: Foundation of the irish land league Famine -) people where edvicted, let on the street - Leader: Michael Davitt - Three Fs’, these were: a fair rent, fiwity if tenure; free sale  Worked with the Home Rule Movement (=doing the rules at home so having a parliament in Ireland): Leader Charles Pernell (MP for country Meath), who wanted Home Rule: self-government for Ireland within the UK. The irish worked with the xx movement and made it bigger. REMINDER: 1879: Zulu WAR (South Africa) THEN, 1880-81 Transvaal War (first angloboer war) He wanted to make it as one big country and refused xx independence. In febrary 1881 they deafeted a tiny british army, so xx was let with two options: 1.the public and the queen demanded fight or 2.Peace. He decided to choose peace and sign the treaty of victory and avoided death, public saw it as a british weakness and pressured him 1882: British occupies Egypt: - Franco-British consortium tried to place Khedive (: viceroy) Tewfil on the throne. They took his son instead of him, they were resentment about the british that imposed xx on the throne to the egyptment. A revelot was made because of this, France and Britain sent a flit to Alexendria as a warning but the revolt intensify and France and Brittain were afraid they take the canal. So they paied millions to send troups, as the result of this battle the British occupied Egypt. That occupation last until 1894. The British and French Interference in Egypt (1882): During the late 19th century, Britain and France attempted to pressure the Ottoman Sultan to accept their interference in Egypt’s finances due to the country's debt crisis. The Sultan, however, refused their demands. In response, the European powers supported the deposition of the Egyptian Khedive (viceroy) Isma'il Pasha, replacing him with his son, Tewfik Pasha, who was seen as more compliant. One of the key figures of resistance during this period was Ahmed Urabi (also known as Orabi Pasha), a prominent Egyptian nationalist and military leader. Urabi led a growing revolt aimed at reducing foreign influence and ending corruption within the Egyptian government. The revolt gained significant support, particularly from the Egyptian army and rural population. The rebellion escalated in Alexandria, where tensions culminated in violent clashes. In response, British Prime Minister William Gladstone sought parliamentary approval for funding to suppress the revolt. While he emphasized the use of diplomacy (law) initially, military intervention soon became inevitable. In 1882, British forces decisively defeated Urabi's army at the Battle of Tel El Kebir, effectively ending the revolt. Following this, Britain occupied Egypt, establishing control over the country that would last until 1956. The parlementary Reform Act (1884) and the redistribution of Seat Act (1885) The Reform Act of 1832 (First Reform Act): Before 1832, Britain's electoral system was highly unequal. Small rural towns (known as rotten boroughs) often had many parliamentary seats despite having very few residents, while rapidly growing industrial cities like Manchester and Liverpool had little to no representation. The First Reform Act of 1832 addressed this by redistributing parliamentary seats to reflect population changes. It gave representation to growing cities such as Manchester, Liverpool, and areas in Wales, while abolishing representation for many rotten boroughs. However, the right to vote was still limited to property-owning men, excluding many working-class people. The Reform Act of 1867 (Second Reform Act): By 1867, demands for further electoral reform had grown. The working-class population, especially in industrial cities, pushed for the right to vote. The Second Reform Act of 1867 expanded suffrage by giving the vote to all male householders (men who owned or rented homes) and lodgers paying a certain level of rent. However, those living in workhouses for the poor were excluded. The act also extended these changes to Ireland, further broadening the electorate there. Despite these reforms, large groups of people—such as women and the very poor—remained disenfranchised, leading to continued efforts for voting rights in the following decades. The redistribution of seat made the Radical party group GREW. Representation in Ireland and Charles Stuart Parnell After the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867, some efforts were made to address electoral representation in Ireland. While these reforms extended voting rights to more people in Ireland, the number of parliamentary seats allocated to Ireland did not proportionately reflect its large population. This imbalance contributed to growing political tensions. Charles Stuart Parnell emerged as a key political leader in this context. Known as the "uncrowned king of Ireland," Parnell was an Irish nationalist who fought for greater autonomy for Ireland. He led the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and became a dominant figure in British and Irish politics during the late 19th century. His primary focus was achieving Home Rule for Ireland—a form of self-governance within the United Kingdom. Parnell's leadership energized the Irish cause, gaining widespread support among Irish voters and significantly increasing the number of pro-Irish representatives in the British Parliament. Through strategic alliances, Parnell made the Irish issue central to British politics, influencing the direction of reforms and debates on Irish representation. The Death of Charles Gordon and the British Role in Sudan (1885) 1. Background o Charles George Gordon, a British general and colonial administrator, became famous for his service in China (during the Taiping Rebellion), South Africa, the Crimean War, and other imperial missions. Known for his strong sense of duty and resistance to corruption, Gordon was also deeply religious, which influenced his actions. o By the late 19th century, Sudan was under the control of the Ottoman-Egyptian administration but had fallen into turmoil due to the rise of Muhammad Ahmad, who declared himself the Mahdi ("the guided one"). The Mahdi led a powerful Islamic revolt against the Ottoman-Egyptian rule and its British supporters. 2. Gordon in Khartoum o In 1884, British Prime Minister William Gladstone reluctantly sent Gordon to Khartoum in Sudan to oversee the evacuation of Egyptian and British civilians. Gordon, however, disobeyed orders to withdraw and instead chose to defend the city against the Mahdist forces. o Despite being outnumbered and poorly supplied, Gordon resisted the Mahdist siege for months. He requested reinforcements from Britain, but Gladstone hesitated to intervene, as he was initially reluctant to commit more troops to imperial conflicts in Africa. 3. The Fall of Khartoum (1885) o In January 1885, the Mahdist forces broke through Khartoum’s defenses. Gordon and the city’s defenders were overrun, and Gordon was killed just two days before British relief forces arrived. His death shocked Britain and led to widespread public outrage. 4. Public Opinion and the "Murder of Gordon" o The British public, deeply moved by Gordon’s death, blamed Gladstone for the failure to rescue him in time. Nicknamed the "Grand Old Man," Gladstone faced intense criticism and was labeled the "murderer of Gordon" by his political opponents and the press. This event fueled anti-Gladstone sentiment and increased public support for imperial expansion. 5. The Broader Context: The Scramble for Africa o Gordon's death occurred during the Scramble for Africa, a period of intense competition among European powers to colonize Africa. While Gladstone initially sought to limit British involvement in imperial conflicts, public pressure and strategic interests forced Britain to expand its role in Africa. The outrage over Khartoum contributed to growing British engagement in Sudan and other parts of Africa in subsequent years. o 1876, Africa before the Scramble (not as much colonized) o 1887: British east Africa company charted o 1889: British south Africa company charted o 1914, Africa after the scramble The countries were exchange among European countries as they wanted to have countries beside each other (France, Brittain..), there is no referendum in Africa of course. 1896-98: War on Sudan and the Fashoda incident The Fashoda Incident (1898) and the Second Boer War 1. The Fashoda Incident o Background: The Dervishes (a term sometimes used to describe Mahdist forces in Sudan) were seen as a significant threat to European colonial interests, particularly those of France and Britain. Both nations sought to secure their influence in Africa and prevent the Mahdist forces from destabilizing their colonies. o The French Goal: France aimed to expand its territories in Africa by creating a transcontinental empire stretching from West Africa to the Red Sea. To achieve this, they sent an expedition led by Major Jean-Baptiste Marchand to claim Sudan, particularly the strategic town of Fashoda on the Nile. o The British Goal: Britain, under General Herbert Kitchener, sought to reestablish control over Sudan as part of its imperial strategy to dominate the Nile and secure the route to its prized colony of India via the Suez Canal. Kitchener's forces advanced into Sudan, defeating the Mahdist army at the Battle of Omdurman (1898) before moving toward Fashoda. o The Incident at Fashoda:  Kitchener’s British forces and Marchand’s French expedition arrived at Fashoda around the same time, leading to a tense standoff. Both sides claimed control of the area.  Rather than escalate into a war, the matter was referred to negotiations between Paris and London. Diplomats in both countries worked to avoid conflict, and eventually, France agreed to withdraw its forces.  The settlement affirmed British dominance in Sudan, while France redirected its focus to its colonies in West Africa. The Fashoda Incident symbolized the peak of Anglo-French imperial rivalry but also marked the beginning of improved relations between the two powers. 2. The Second Boer War (1899–1902) o Background: In South Africa, tensions between the British Empire and the Boer Republics (the Transvaal and the Orange Free State) escalated. The discovery of gold and diamonds in Boer territories had heightened British interest, and disputes over the rights of British immigrants (known as Uitlanders) in Boer lands added to the conflict. o In 1899, war broke out between Britain and the Boer Republics. The Boers initially won several victories using guerrilla tactics and their intimate knowledge of the terrain. However, the British responded with overwhelming force, adopting harsh measures such as the use of concentration camps for Boer civilians. o By 1902, the British defeated the Boer forces, and the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging, making the Boer Republics part of the British Empire. 1898-1902: Second Anglo-Boer War 1. The Treatment of the Uitlanders  o The Uitlanders (Afrikaans for "foreigners") were mainly British immigrants who had moved to the Boer Republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State during the gold and diamond rushes. o Despite their significant contributions to the economy, the Boer governments treated Uitlanders poorly. They were denied political rights, including the right to vote, and faced heavy taxation. These grievances fueled tensions between the British and the Boer governments. 2. Joseph Chamberlain and British Imperial Policy o Joseph Chamberlain, the British Colonial Secretary, was a strong advocate of aggressive imperialism. He believed in expanding and consolidating the British Empire to strengthen its global dominance. o Chamberlain saw the situation in South Africa as an opportunity to increase British influence and control over the region, particularly given the wealth of the Boer territories. 3. Appointment of Alfred Milner o Chamberlain appointed Sir Alfred Milner as the British High Commissioner for South Africa. Milner shared Chamberlain’s imperialist views and actively sought to provoke a confrontation with the Boer Republics. o Milner argued that the mistreatment of the Uitlanders by the Boers provided a just cause for British intervention. He demanded political reforms in the Transvaal, knowing that President Paul Kruger of the Transvaal would resist. 4. The Lead-Up to War o The British government used the Uitlanders' grievances as a pretext to push for greater control over the Boer Republics. When negotiations broke down, Milner and Chamberlain justified military action to "protect British citizens and interests." o This aggressive stance led directly to the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, as the Boers launched a preemptive strike against British positions. - Major figures of the conflict: - Paul Kruger, president of the Transvaal Repudlic - Cecil Rhodes, diamond magnate, prime minister of the cape colony - Jameon Raid (1895): sudden attempt to invade Transvaal from Cape Colony 1899: (Autumn) British disasters in south Africa. - The British struggled to defeat the Boer guerrilla fighters, as each time they destroyed a village, the Boers would rebuild their forces elsewhere. In response, the British implemented a "Scorched Earth" policy, which involved the systematic destruction of farmland, crops, and livestock to weaken the Boers' ability to continue their resistance. To further pressure the Boers, women and children were placed in concentration camps, where many died due to poor conditions, including overcrowding, disease, and lack of food. 1900: “Khaki election” When the gvt is reelectec because of tmilitary stuff???? - Poster from the opposite party - The scandal of the concentration camps was less effective than the british victory - … 1887: Match Girl Strikes They were doing matched in a factory, they to sort them out. The product they deeped it in was healy evil as it made people sick and their working condition was horrible: no toilet brake… And - The Match Girls worked in a factory where they sorted matches, dipping them in a toxic substance (white phosphorus) that made them sick. - Appalling working conditions: Low wages, long hours, no toilet breaks, and unsafe practices. - The strike was part of the rise of New Unionism, which aimed to organize unskilled workers for better rights and conditions. 1889: London Dock Strikes - Requested a minimum wage (“Dockers’ tanner”) - The dock workers demanded a minimum wage, known as the "Dockers’ Tanner" (a daily wage). - The strike lasted 5 weeks; workers needed financial support to maintain the strike. - The strike received major financial backing from other unions, Roman Catholics, and even the Australian union, pressuring the dock companies to meet the workers' demands. 1901: Death of Victoria, Accession of Edward VII