BPSY 50 - Lesson 3 - Introduction to Psychology PDF

BPSY 50: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY LESSON 3 PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the parts and functions of the main divisions of the nervous system Explain how hormonal imbalances affects one’s behavioral responses Describe the anatomy an...

BPSY 50: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY LESSON 3 PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the parts and functions of the main divisions of the nervous system Explain how hormonal imbalances affects one’s behavioral responses Describe the anatomy and functions of the major parts of the brain Trace the pathway of the nerve impulse from the receptor cells to the effectors Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Complex network of cells and tissues responsible for coordinating and controlling bodily functions CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) composes all the nerve fibers that connect the receptors to the central nervous system and which further connects the central nervous system to the effectors Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  NEURONS also known as nerve cell, the basic structural and functioning unit of the nervous system Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  PARTS OF NEURON CELL BODY organizes and keeps the cell functional DENDRITE receives messages from other neurons and carry them towards the cell body AXON carries messages away from the cell body Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  PARTS OF NEURON SCHWANN CELL produces myelin sheath MYELIN SHEATH increases the speed of nerve impulses AXON TERMINAL sends messages to other neuron Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House STRUCTURE OF A NEURON Schwann Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House THREE TYPES OF NEURONS SENSORY or AFFERENT NEURONS deliver electrical signals from the outer parts of the body into the CNS MOTOR or EFFERENT NEURONS carry signals from the CNS to the outside parts of the body INTER or CONNECTOR NEURONS sends messages from one neuron to another Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  NEUROTRANSMITTERS KIND FUNCTION HIGH LOW Glutamate most abundant in the brain and Psychosis Huntington’s plays a key role in thinking, Neuron Death Disease learning, and memory GABA most common inhibitory Relaxation Anxiety/OCD neurotransmitter in the brain and regulates mood, sleep, seizures Serotonin regulates mood, sleep patterns, Mania Depression, sexuality, appetite, and pain Anxiety, Eating Disorders Dopamine body reward system, pleasures, Schizophrenia Parkinson’s achieving heightened arousal Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), Hooley, Butcher, Nock & Mineka (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR, Psych Pearls  NEUROTRANSMITTERS KIND FUNCTION HIGH LOW Epinephrine responsible for fight-or-flight Stress Fatigue response Sleep Disorders Norepinephrine alertness, arousal, decision Mania Depression making, attention, and focus Endorphines natural pain reliever, reduces pain Eating Disorders Acetylcholine regulates heart rate, blood Alzheimer’s pressure and gut motility, role in (Dementia) muscle contraction, memory, motivation, sexual desire, sleep, and learning Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), Hooley, Butcher, Nock & Mineka (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR, Psych Pearls  THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  THE BRAIN Master Organ The brain floats on a bath of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and it is protected by the skull It’s jelly-like and extra soft weighing about 1,400 grams Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.  THE BRAIN Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE FOREBRAIN CEREBRUM Telencephalon Seat of Consciousness It consists of right cerebral hemisphere and left cerebral hemisphere Each hemisphere consists of 4 lobes The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the cerebrum, is involved in complex brain functions Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE FOREBRAIN CEREBRUM LEFT HEMISPHERE Analytic thought Logic Reasoning Science and math Written Numbers skills Right-hand control Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE FOREBRAIN CEREBRUM RIGHT HEMISPHERE Art awareness Creativity Imagination Intuition Insights Music awareness 3-D forms Left-hand control Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE LOBES OF THE BRAIN Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE FOREBRAIN CEREBRUM FRONTAL LOBE reasoning, planning, movement, and problem- solving PARIETAL LOBE somatosensory processing TEMPORAL LOBE auditory processing OCCIPITAL LOBE visual processing Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE FOREBRAIN BASAL GANGLIA collections of neurons crucial to motor function dysfunction can result to motor deficits THALAMUS relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the cortex Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE FOREBRAIN HYPOTHALAMUS endocrine system autonomic nervous system survival behavior (e.g., fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating); it is involved in controlling the pituitary gland which governs hormone production and release Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE FOREBRAIN LIMBIC SYSTEM involved in learning, emotion and motivation AMYGDALA role in anger and aggression HIPPOCAMPUS seahorse responsible for memory formation Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.  THE MIDBRAIN Mesencephalon TECTUM back part of the midbrain SUPERIOR COLLICULI visual information INFERIOR COLLICULI auditory information TEGMENTUM front part of the midbrain Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.  THE MIDBRAIN RED NUCLEUS motor coordination PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY pain modulation SUBSTANSIA NIGRA voluntary movement RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS) regulating wakefulness, alertness and sleep-wake cycle Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company. THE HINDBRAIN PONS it serves as a communication bridge between different parts of the brain CEREBELLUM little brain involved in the coordination of voluntary motor activities MEDULLA OBLONGATA it controls vital involuntary or autonomic functions Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.  THE SPINAL CORD TWO KINDS OF REFLEXES: MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX involve a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, without interneuron involved knee-jerk or patellar reflex Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.  THE SPINAL CORD TWO KINDS OF REFLEXES: POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEX it involves one or more interneurons in addition to the sensory and motor neurons, leading to multiple synapses withdrawal reflex Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.  THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THE SOMATIC SYSTEM Responsible for the voluntary skeletal movements 12 pairs of cranial nerves (head region) 31 pairs of spinal nerves (body region) Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  12 CRANIAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVE TYPE FUNCTION Olfactory Sensory Responsible for the sense of smell (Nose) Optic Sensory Carries visual information from the retina to the brain (Eyes) Oculomotor Motor Controls most eye movements (Eyes) Trochlear Motor Controls superior oblique muscles (Eyes) Trigeminal Mixed Sensory for the face and motor for mastication (Eyes, jaw, cheek, tongue) Abducens Motor Innervates the lateral rectus muscle (Eyes) Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  12 CRANIAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVE TYPE FUNCTION Facial Mixed Controls muscles of facial expression and taste sensation (Face and tongue) Glossopharyngeal Mixed Provide taste sensation and swallowing and salivation (Tongue and pharynx) Vagus Mixed Controls autonomic functions and provides sensation from the thoracic and abdominal organs (Neck, thorax and abdomen) Accessory Motor Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, facilitating head and shoulder movement (Pharynx and larynx) Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  12 CRANIAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVE TYPE FUNCTION Hypoglossal Motor Controls tongue movements for speech and swallowing Vestibulocochlear or Sensory Responsible for heading and balance Auditory Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House 12 CRANIAL NERVES Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2015). Cognitive Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.  31 SPINAL NERVES CERVICAL NERVES FUNCTION C1 Supplies muscles of the neck C2 Sensory for the back of the head C3 Supplies neck muscles and skin C4 Innervates the diaphragm (with C3 and C5) C5 Innervates the shoulder and arm muscles C6 Sensory input from the thumb and motor to forearm muscles C7 Sensory from the index and middle fingers and motor to arm muscles C8 Sensory from the ring and little fingers and motor to hand muscles Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  31 SPINAL NERVES THORACIC NERVES FUNCTION T1 Sensory for the upper chest and motor to arm muscles T2 - T12 Sensory and motor innervation for the trunk and abdominal wall, as well as intercostal muscles (involved in breathing) SACRAL NERVES FUNCTION S1 Sensory for the posterior leg and foot and motor to gluteal muscles S2 Sensory from the back of the legs and motor to the pelvic floor muscles S3 - S5 Sensory and motor functions for the pelvic organs, including bladder control and sexual functions Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  31 SPINAL NERVES LUMBAR NERVES FUNCTION L1 Sensory for the lower back and motor to hip flexor muscles L2 Sensory from the thigh and motor to leg muscles L3 Sensory from the knee area and motor to the thigh L4 Sensory for the medial leg and foot and motor to leg muscles L5 Sensory from the foot and motor to muscles that extend the toes COCCYGEAL NERVE FUNCTION Co1 Supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the coccyx Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  THE AUTONOMIC SYSTEM Also called as Visceral System Responsible for all involuntary movements within the body that keeps us alive Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House  THE AUTONOMIC SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM fight or flight reactions to stress or emergency situations PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM promotes rest and digest activities. helping the body calm down Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House THE ENDORCRINE SYSTEM  THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions Aguirre, F.U., et.al. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Malabon City, Mutya Publishing House THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Kalat, J. (2013). Introduction to psychology. Wadsworth Publishing Company.