Lecture 1 - Intro and Neuroanatomy PDF

PSYC112/132: Introduction to Neuroscience Whilst we wait to get Week 6: Wednesday 13th November 2024 started… Draw a sketch or a Dr Abigail Fiske doodle of something that [email protected]...

PSYC112/132: Introduction to Neuroscience Whilst we wait to get Week 6: Wednesday 13th November 2024 started… Draw a sketch or a Dr Abigail Fiske doodle of something that [email protected] would be a good logo for this module! 1 About Me 10-months 16-months 42-months / 3.5 yrs Fiske et al. Fiske et al. (2022), (2024), Fiske et al. NeuroImage Imaging Neuro (under review), science PsyArxiv 2 About the Module The aim of this module is to provide you with an introduction to key neuroscience concepts and to develop a basic understanding of the complex links between the brain and behaviour. To discuss: Why is this important for psychology? 3 The “Why” Foundational knowledge – understanding how the brain and the nervous system works will help you to understand the biological underpinnings of key psychological processes Multi-disciplinary – Much of psychology is inter-disciplinary and having knowledge about basic neuroscientific processes will enable you to appreciate the links between brain and behaviour in psychology & beyond… Clinical relevance – Careers in clinical psychology will require an understanding of brain function. Crucial for diagnosing and treating mental health conditions and other psychological / psychiatric / neurological conditions Technological advances – Familiarity with neuroscience principles are necessary to better understand, use, and apply 4 important technological advances in measuring the brain in Everything you need to know… 1) Module 2) Moodle 3) Module Handbook Textbook 5 Moodle ASSESSME NTS n ts MAIN COURSE CONTENT t u de y s (ALL) log cho y Ps Min o r st ude nts 6 Reading List & Prep Work 7  Prep Work (BEFORE the session) You will be expected to engage with the prep work ahead of each lecture / session Where? Moodle – find it please! What? This may be reading a short article, watching a short video or preparing notes Why? This prep work is designed to give you a good starting point ahead of each lecture – it is for your benefit and will help make lectures easier  8 Seminars and Workshops PSYC112 (Psychology students) – you will attend SEMINARS, check your timetable for when and where PSYC132 (Minor students) – you will attend WORKSHOPS, check your timetable for when and where Seminars and workshops will be led by Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs) There will be prep work – do it! 9 Web Based Assessments (WBAs) 10 Multiple Choice Question Class Test PSYC112: The test will be held on Wednesday 11th December (Week 10) PSYC132: The test will be held in Week 10 in your usual workshop slots – Thursday 11 – 12pm, Thursday 5 – 6pm, or Friday 5 – 6pm It is worth 90% of your final grade for this module Check your timetable for when and where your test is scheduled 11 Generative AI Use In line with Lancaster University’s guidance on generative AI use, the coursework assessments for this module (PSYC112/132) are categorised as “RED”. This means that generative AI tools cannot be used in assessments. This applies both to the WBAs and 12 the MCQ class test. SONA – Sign up to take part in research studies! Students need to get 80 credits by Week 20 Without this, you will not be able to use SONA to recruit participants for your projects in third year The credits form part of the assessment on PSYC125 Students will earn: 1 credit per 15 minutes of participation in online research 3 credits per 15 minutes of participation in lab / in-person 13 research Questions, Comments, Concerns? Please do get in touch – I’m very happy to help Office: Fylde C42 [email protected] Book a meeting with me here c.uk Message me on Microsoft Post in the Discussion Teams Forum 14 Lecture 1: Anatomy of the Nervous System 15 Learning Objectives Understand the anatomy of the nervous system, including its structure and protective features Be familiar with neuroanatomical directional terms Outline the five divisions of the brain, including key anatomical brain areas and functions By the end of the lecture: You will have a basic understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system 16 Part I: The Nervous System 17 The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) – collects information from your sensory nerves to process and respond in the: Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – feeds information from your senses into the brain Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 18 The Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Interacts with external environment Afferent nerves = carry sensory information towards the CNS Afferent = approaching CNS Efferent nerves = carry motor signals from the CNS 19 to the skeletal muscles The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Regulates the internal environment Afferent nerves = carry sensory signals from internal organs toward the CNS Afferent = approaching CNS Efferent nerves = carry motor signals from the CNS to the internal organs Efferent = exiting the CNS 20  The Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic nerves = autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS Stimulate, organise, and mobilise energy resources in threatening situations (e.g., FIGHT OR FLIGHT) Psychological arousal Parasympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic nerves = autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain Conserve energy (e.g., REST & DIGEST) Psychological relaxation 21  Homeostasis Perceived threat Business as Stress usual response “Rest and “Fight or Digest” Flight” 22  Meninges (pronounced “men-IN- gees”) Function to protect the CNS Dura mater (tough mother!) – tough outer membrane Arachnoid membrane – fine, spider-web-like membrane Subarachnoid space – space beneath the arachnoid membrane filled with large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid Pia mater (pious mother!) – delicate, inner-most membrane, adheres to surface of CNS 23  Protecting the Central Nervous System Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Fills the subarachnoid space Provides support and cushions the brain and spinal cord Blood-Brain Barrier Cerebral blood vessels are tightly packed to form a barrier Prevents the passage of toxic substances from the blood to the brain 24  Gray and White Matter Gray matter Outer layer Composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated (uninsulated) neurons Process information and send new information Volume increases until around 8 years of age White matter Composed largely of myelinated (insulated) axons (myelin gives the white colour) Carry long-range signals around the body Continues developing until ~25 years of age Found in both the brain and the spinal cord 25 Let’s get quizzacle 26 Part II: The Brain 27 Finding Your Way… 28 Neuroanatomical Directions Rostral sounds like…. 29 Neuroanatomical Views of the Brain Medial = middle Lateral = side Viewing toward the middle or Viewing the (out)side of the centre of the brain brain 30 Neuroanatomical “Slices” of the Brain Coronal Sagittal section section Coronal = Sagittal = crown side Transverse section 31 (Axial /  Five Major Divisions of the Brain Early brain development Fluid-filled tube Three “swellings” that eventually develop into the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain Before birth, the three swellings become five Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) Diencephalon Mesencephalon (midbrain) Encephalon = “within the Metencephalon head” 32 Myelencephalon (medulla)  Five Major Divisions of the Brain Cerebral Hemisphe res To memorise the order: Brain Telencephalon (t = top) stem The other 4 divisions are in alphabetical order 33 Hindbrain: Myelencephalon and Metencephalon Myelencephalon (medulla) Composed largely of tracts (large bundles of neurons) carrying signals between the brain and body Location of the reticular formation – a collection of 100 tiny nuclei (plays a role with a variety of functions) Metencephalon Pons (bulge on the brain stem’s ventral surface) – links brain to spinal cord Cerebellum (“little brain”) – motor, balance, language, attention – a variety of functions! 34 Midbrain: Mesencephalon Two divisions: Tectum – inferior colliculi (auditory) and superior colliculi (visual-motor) Tegmentum – periaqueductal gray (sympathetic responses), substantia nigra and red nucleus (sensorimotor system) 35 Forebrain: Diencephalon (part of Limbic system) Thalamus – a large, two-lobed structure at the top of the brain stem Information relay station! All senses except smell Also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness and learning & memory Dorsal to the hypothalamus Hypothalamus Regulation of several motivated behaviours Includes pituitary gland (hormones) and optic chiasm (optic nerves from each eye meet) 36 Forebrain: Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) Largest division of the human brain Mediates complex functions – voluntary movement, sensory processing, complex cognition, language Cerebral cortex – layer of tissue that covers the cerebral hemispheres Small, unmyelinated neurons (grey matter) Convolutions (folds or wrinkles) increase the surface area of the brain Layer beneath cortex is mainly composed of large, myelinated neurons (white matter) 37 Forebrain: Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) Fissures = large furrows / folds Sulci / sulcus = small furrows / folds Gyri / gyrus = ridges between fissures and sulci Longitudinal fissure = groove that separates the left and right hemispheres Corpus callosum = a cerebral commissure (large tract) that connects the two hemispheres Tract = bundle of neurons 38 Forebrain: Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) Cerebral lobes are not functional units – they are divided into these lobes due to the physiological folding of the brain. But broadly: Frontal Lobe – Motor, cognition, planning, social behaviour Parietal Lobe – Sensation, location of body and objects in space, directing attention Occipital Lobe – Visual processing Temporal Lobe – Hearing, language, complex visual patterns, memory 39 Limbic System (from mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon) A circuit of structures that circle the thalamus (limbic = ring) Involved in regulating motivated behaviours (the 4 F’s – fleeing, feeding, fighting, and…) Amygdala: Processing emotions (fear) - Telencephalon Basal Ganglia: Voluntary motor responses and decision making (across telen, dien and mesen) Cingulate cortex: Processing emotions, behavioural regulation, voluntary motor function (telencephalon) Hippocampus: Memory, learning, emotions (telencephalon) 40 The Limbic System 41 HOMEWORK 1. READ THE MODULE HANDBOOK!!!!! (You should have already done this!) 2. READ CHAPTER 3 OF THE TEXTBOOK 3. PREP WORK for tomorrow’s lecture: Watch this 13- minute TED talk on “What is so special about the human brain”? 4. (If you want) Check out the optional reading list for Lecture 1 (in the handbook) 5. (If you want) Watch the film “Inside Out” for a bit of neuroscience / psychology related fun! And/or… here is a great blog post about the neuroscience of the film 42 Thank you for your attention, engagement and contributions! 43