Botany Quiz PDF

< 3. Lesson 1 - Forms of Plants > Autotrophic or independent plants Many plant species covered the earth surface. Some plants could be found in water, air and most of the plants in habit on land. The form of plants is a way where the taxonomist used in classifying plant species. Classification o...

< 3. Lesson 1 - Forms of Plants > Autotrophic or independent plants Many plant species covered the earth surface. Some plants could be found in water, air and most of the plants in habit on land. The form of plants is a way where the taxonomist used in classifying plant species. Classification of plants is based on whether or not they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis. These are autotrophic or independent plants and heterotrophic or dependent plants. This type of plant can able to manufacture their food through photosynthesis. Examples of autotrophic plants are those belong to higher forms of plants such as vascular plants. Heterotrophic or dependent plants It includes are the plants which do not have chlorophyll or green pigments. These plants they may either be parasites or saprophytes. Parasitic plants depend their food on other living organisms, while saprophytic plants depend on dead organic matter. Examples of heterotrophic plants are fungi such as mushrooms, yeasts and molds. 3. Lesson 1 - Forms of Plants 3.1. Classification of Plants Plants classification based on the water requirements: 1. Mesophytes are plants that require a moderate amount of water. 2. Xerophytes are plants that can survive in extremely dry places like in desert regions. 3. Hydrophytes are plants that can survive in moist places. 4. Halophytes are plants that can survive in watery places with high salt content such as seaweeds. > Papaya Lotus cactus Red algae Plants classification based on the environment they inhabit 1. Aquatic plants are plants that live in water. 2. Terrestrial plants are plants that live on land. 3. Aerial plants are plants that live above the ground and attached themselves to other plant species. moringga water hyacinth orchid Plant classification based on the lifespan 1. Annual plants are plants that live for about a year (e.g. corn, rice, lettuce, and tomato). 2. Biennial plants are plants that live for about two years (e.g. turnip, carrot, beet, parsley). 3. Perennial plants are plants that can live for many years (e.g. trees like mahogany, narra, rubber tree, etc.). Based on gross morphological structure 1. Trees are plants that have a single but woody stem. They grow approximately 20 feet tall. 2. Shrubs are plants that have a relatively small woody main stem. Herbs are plants with soft stem like aloe vera. 3. Vines are plants that have twinning structures and climbing support parts. 4. Liana are plants that include woody vines like rattan 3. Lesson 1 Forms of Plants 3.2. Uses of Plants Humans and other life on Earth depend on plants. We cannot live without plants. It provides oxygen and many products for human use. Plants are very essential to combat pollution. It purifies pollution from the environment. In this topic you will learn the important uses of plants. 1. Plants produce oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Half of the oxygen you breathe comes from marine plants. 2. Plants purifies and control pollution. There are best purifying plants that absorbs many pollutants from the environment like the snake plant (Mother-In-Law's Tongue), aloe vera and spider plant. 3. Plants provide food such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, and seeds a. Root crops - E.g. potatoes, cassava, carrots, radish b. Leaves and stem - lettuce, asparagus c. Legumes - white beans, peanut, soybeans d. Flowers- squash blossom, hibiscus, rose, chamomile 4. Plants provide us medicines - Some plant have medicinal value. It can prevent and cure illnesses such as the lagundi, oregano and eucalyptus leaves for cough. 5. Oils from plants - Some seed contains oil for cooking, fuel, and perfume making a. Sunflower oil b. Coconut oil c. Mustard oil d. Almond oil e. Avocado seed oil f. Corn oil. g. Cottonseed oi 6. Plants provide lumber in making furnitures 7. Some plants are sources of rubber, gums and paper 8. Cotton and fiber plants provide yarns and fabrics 9. Flowers from plants - raw materials in making perfumes e.g. jasmine, rose, orchids, etc. 4. Lesson 2 - Herbal Medicine and Alkaloids In the previous lesson it is already introduced some plants that have medicinal value. Many researchers and scientists are keep on experimenting plants' species to discover its medicinal properties. Many of our medicinal plants are locally available in the Philippines and they are good sources of drugs like opium pod. Opium is made from seedpod of the poppy plants which produces euphoric effects. Moreover, stimulants and alkaloids are directly found from plants. What are examples of stimulants? Coffee, chocolate, tea and tobacco are the most popular examples of stimulants. What about alkaloids? Can you enumerate some? Opium pod Opium poppy flower Lesson 2 - Herbal Medicine and Alkaloids Herbal Medicine The Department of Health (DOH) endorsed some medicinal plants that are locally found in the Philippines. These medicinal plants were already proven and are readily available in the market. The following are the 10 Medicinal Plants in the Philippines endorsed by DOH Ten Medicinal Plants in the Philippines endorsed by the Department of Health (DOH) Plants Scientific Name Treatment Akapulko (bayabas- Cassia alata ringworms and skin fungal bayabasan) Ringworm bush infections. Ampalaya diabetes (diabetes mellitus), Bitter gourd" or "bitter melon” Momordica charantia for the non-insulin dependent patients. Bawang Allium sativum reduces cholesterol in the blood Garlic Bayabas Guava Psidium guajava antiseptic, to disinfect wounds, mouth wash, to treat tooth decay and gum infection. Lagundi Vitex negundo relief of coughs and asthma Leaved chaste tree Niyog-niyogan Chinese Quisqualis indica L elimination of intestinal honey suckle worms, particularly the Ascaris and Trichina Sambong Blumea camphora Blumea balsamifera A diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones. It can also be used as an edema. Tsaang Gubat Ehretla microphylla Lam intestinal motility and also used as a mouth wash since the leaves of this shrub has high fluoride content. Ulasimang Bato | Peperomia pellucida arthritis and gout Pansit-pansitan Yerba Buena Peppermint Clinopodium douglasii an analgesic to relive body aches and pain < 4. Lesson 2 - Herbal Medicine and Alkaloids 4.3. Alkaloid What is alkaloid? Alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds come from plants and very common in families of flowering plants. These are simply waste products of metabolic processes and protective agent for the plants. Alkaloids are found in the roots, bark, flowers, leaves, seeds, and latex. It acts as defense compounds due their toxicity. They are basic, it contains one or more nitrogen atoms and it has a strong biological effects not only to humans but on animals too. Alkaloids are found in foods and drinks as stimulant drugs. Well-known alkaloids includes morphine, nicotine and caffeine. Characteristics of Alkaloids 1. Colorless and crystalline solid 2. Some alkaloids are bitter in taste 3. Derived from amino acids 4. Insoluble in water but soluble in most of the organic solvents like alcohols (e.g. methanol) and aromatic compounds (e.g. benzene and toluene) 5. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. They used as natural pesticides. Distribution and Occurrence of Alkaloids 1. There are few of alkaloids in lower plants (e.g. mosses and liverworts) 2. There are more alkaloids from dicot plants from a monocot plants. 3. Families rich in alkaloids are Apocyanaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae and Papaveraceae > Types of Common Alkaloids from Plants Sources Alkaloid Effect Coffee Caffeine Mental alertness Tea Theine Giving a sense of relaxation Cocoa Theobromine Diuretic, stimulant and relaxing effects Tabacco Nicotine Dangerous and highly addictive chemicals Barberry Berberine/Isoquinoline Has antimicrobial property and isoquinoline boost immune system Cocaine Tropane Analgesic Marijuana Cannabinoids pain and inflammation relief < 4. Lesson 2 - Scope of Botanical Studies 4.3. Specialized Field of Botany Specialized Field of Botany Palynology- the study of pollen grains Lichenology- the study of lichens Virology- the study of viruses Bacteriology- the study of bacteria Bryology- the study of mosses Hepaticology - the study of liverworts and hornworts Algology/Phycology - the study of algae Agrostology the study of grasses Mycology - the study of fungi Pteridology - the study of pteridophytes and ferns < 4. Lesson 2 - Scope of Botanical Studies 4.2. Applied or Economic Botany Applied or Economic Botany The study of plants of economic uses. It encompasses agricultural uses, resource management and food science. Sub-sciences: Agronomy - the study of crop production and soil management Forestry - the study of forest and timber plant management Dendrology the study of trees Wood Technology - the study on the uses of wood Pharmacognosy- the study on the preservation and collection of medicinal plants Horticulture - study of the cultivation of ornamental and garden plants Pomology - study of fruits Floriculture - study of flowering plants Olericulture study of vegetable crops Plant Biochemistry - the study of chemical processes on the lives of plants Plant Biochemistry the study of chemical processes on the lives of plants Plant Pathology study of the diseases of plants and how to control them Ethnobotany the study how people of a particular culture and region make the use of indigenous plants. < 4. Lesson 2 - Scope of Botanical Studies 4.1. Pure Botany It deals with the study of plant's natural phenomena through observation, experimentation and the use of scientific method. The knowledge and result acquired on plants through scientific research is called Pure Botany. Sub-sciences: Plant Cytology - detailed study of the plant cell such as the mitochondria, ribosome, cell wall, and nucleus Plant Physiology- the study of various activities of the plant Plant Anatomy - study of the internal structure of the plant Plant Morphology - study of the form and external structure of the plant Plant Histology - study of the plant's tissue through a microscope Plant Genetics - the study of heredity and variations of the plants Plant Taxonomy - study of classification, identification, and naming of plant species Plant Breeding - the study of the development of improved varieties of plants Plant Ecology - the study of plant's environment and their adaptation Plant Embryology - the study of the development of plant's zygote into an embryo Paleobotany the study of plant's fossil