Plant Kingdom Lecture 1 PDF

Plant Kingdom Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 1 Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 2 the plant kingdom includes all plants on the earth. They are multicellular eukaryotes. Typically, they consist of a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane called the cell wall. Plants also have a green-coloure...

Plant Kingdom Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 1 Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 2 the plant kingdom includes all plants on the earth. They are multicellular eukaryotes. Typically, they consist of a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane called the cell wall. Plants also have a green-coloured pigment called chlorophyll that are quite important for photosynthesis. Hence, they have an autotrophic mode of nutrition. a vast group; therefore, the kingdom is further classified into subgroups. Level of classification is based on the following three criteria: 1. Plant body: whether the body has well-differentiated structures or not. 2. Vascular system: whether the plant has vascular system for transportation of substances or not 3. Seed formation: whether the plant bears flowers and seeds or not; if it does, then whether it is enclosed within fruits or not. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 3 divided into five subgroups. They are as follows: 1. Thallophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Pteridophyta 4. Gymnosperms 5. Angiosperms Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 4 Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 5 (i) Thallophyta they are undifferentiated into root, stem and leaf and include algae, fungi, lichens, and bacteria (ii) Bryophyta they are non-vascular plants and include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses (iii) Pteridophyta they are vascular, non-flowering, non-seeded plants and include equisetum, lycopod, psilotum, and pteris (iv) Gymnosperms (these are vascular, flowering, naked seeded plants) (v) Angiosperms (these are vascular, flowering, covered seeded plants and include monocot— seed with one cotyledon, dicot—seed with two cotyledons plants). Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 6  Their body is not differentiated (means not divided in stems, roots and leaves. The undifferentiated body is called Thallus. Their vascular system (means there is no xylem and phloem )is absent. There is no embryo formation. include algae, fungi, lichens, and bacteria. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 7  They are green Thallophytes containing chlorophyll. In many algae this green color is hidden by some other pigment. Thus there may be blue –green, brown ,or red algae. Algae are autotrophic because they can make their own food with the help of chlorophyll. Their cell wall is made up of Cellulose. They are mainly aquatic. Some forms of algae grow on the bark of trees, on the rocks and on the surface of moist soil. They may be unicellular or multicellular. The multicellular forms are generally ribbon like. EXAMPLES- CHLAMYDOMONAS (unicellular algae) , Ulothrix etc. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 8  brown seaweeds(Phaeophyta) Species of Macrocystis, Ascophyllum, and Laminaria are commonly used for the preparation of alginic acid. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 9  naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae. It is hydrophilic (absorbs water quickly ) and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. With metals such as sodium and calcium, its salts are known as alginates. slimming aids in the manufacture of paper and textiles. in the food industry as a thickening agent for drinks, ice cream, cosmetics, and as a gelling agent for jellies, known by the code E401. Sodium alginate is mixed with soybean flour to make meat analogue pharmaceutical preparations, such as antacid, in which it combines with bicarbonate to inhibit gastroesophageal reflux. as an impression-making material in dentistry wound dressings. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 10  Red algae (Rhodophyta) are characterized by ❖ red pigment—phycoerythrin (Phycoerythrin absorbs green, yellow, and red light, These parts of the spectrum are the type of light that penetrates the deepest in seawater. The red pigments absorb the light, but chlorophyll is still required to process it. This method allows red seaweed to survive in low-light conditions. This pigment is a type of food dye and is practically used as a medical marker ) ❖ storage product Floridean starch—and amylopectin stains red with iodine. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 11 various species of the genus Gelidium as an example of red algae Source of agar or agar-agar, a heterogeneous polysaccharide, is the dried colloidal concentrate prepared from the decoction of various species of the genus Gelidium. So Algea different bioactive compounds with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties sources Agar and alginic acid because of their abundant mucilage content, are used as demulcents and nutrietives. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 12 Algae including marine algae are important source of variable metabolites ( vitamins, minerals, proteins, fatty acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids, sulphated polysaccharides, halogenated furanones, brominated phenols, phloroglucinol, and oxygen heterocyclics, nitrogen heterocyclics, guanidine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, kahalalide F, lectins, fucoidans, kainoids, aplysiatoxins, polyphenols, phycobiliproteins, sterols) that function as antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral therapeutic principles and fight against various diseases (e.g., cancer, chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorder) and aging processes Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 13  Fungi Fungi are classified into five major classes Basidomycetes or club fungi Deuteromycetes or imperfect fungi Example: Mushrooms Ascomycetes or sac fungi Example:Ergot Myxomycetes or slime fungi Phycomycetes or alga-like fungi Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 14 A wide range of medically active compounds that have been isolated from fungi include antibiotics, anticancer drugs, cholesterol inhibitors, psychotropic drugs, immunosuppressants, and even fungicides. Different antifungal, antiviral, and antiprotozoan principles have been isolated from fungi. Saccharomyces is used to produce the amino acid lysine, recombinant proteins insulin, Hepatitis B surface antigen, artemisinin, as well as insulin analogs. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 15  Algae Fungi 1. They contain photosynthetic 1. Photosynthetic pigments are absent. pigments. 2. Heterotrophic. 2. Autotrophic. 3. Most of them are terrestrial. 3. Most of them are aquatic in habitat. 4. The cell wall is made up of chitin. 4. The cell wall is made up of Cellulose. 5. It contains glycogen and oil as the 5. It contains starch as a stored food stored food material. material. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 16 Bryophyta Bryophytes are classified into (i) Hepaticopsida (Liverworts) (ii) Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts) (iii) Bryopsida (Mosses). Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 17 Epiphytes on outer surface of bark liverworts mosses Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 18 They represent a diverse group of green land plants and more than 20,000 species are known worldwide. Although adapted to land habitat, Bryophytes are considered the amphibians of the plant world, because they require abundant moisture to complete their life cycle and growth. Bryophytes are popular remedy among the tribal people across the world and are used to cure hepatic disorders, skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, used as antipyretic, antimicrobial, wound healing, and many more other ailments some bryophytes possesses antitumor activities against different cancer cell lines. Marchantia polymorpha a liverwort was used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, liver-related ailments and also boil. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 19 Pteridophyta are grouped into four divisions, viz. (i) Psilophyta (ii) Lycophyta (iii) Sphenophyta (iv) Pterophyta Pteridophytes are represented by about 305 plant genera and more than 13,000 species all over the world, and by virtue of their great diversity, esthetic property and medicinal value. Pteridophytes contain a variety of secondary metabolites. The reported antimicrobial potential of pteridophytes Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 20 Filix mas rhizome is source filmarone a vermifuge of tapeworm Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 21 Gymnospermophyta The plants whose seeds are completely uncoated and there is complete lack of ovary. Gymnosperms may be shrubs, woody trees examples. Ephedra, Pinus, Abies, Ginkgo, Gnetum, etc. Gymnosperm consists of 4 classes and about 861 species of plants Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 22 Characteristics: - These plants are perennial and xerophytic ‫نباتات تعيش في األقاليم الجافة‬ - Undergo wind- pollination - One or more cotyledons in an embryo exists with radicle. - Economic Utilities: Used in the form of food, timber & medicine. For decorative and domestic use. In making volatile oils & also used in the form of tanning and resin. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 23  Angiosperm The most- important subgroup of plants, whose seeds are coated and developed in an organ or ovary. Our major food, fibre, spice and beverage crops.Also used as medicinal plants Characteristics: - The reproductive organ of this plant is flower. - Normally appear on land but few are aquatic. - The vascular tissues are extremely well developed. Further Angiosperm is classified into two categories: (a) Monocotyledonae (monocot) (b) Dicotyledonae (dicot) Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 24 a)Monocotyledonae (monocot): Leaves of these plants are much longer rather than broad. Stems of monocot lack cambium. Examples: Maize, wheat, rice, onion, sugarcane, barley, banana, coconut etc. Characteristics: - In the seed of these plants one cotyledon is found. - Their leaves have parallel venation. - The roots of these plants are not developed. - The flowers are trimerous i.e have three or multiple of three petals. - In the vascular part, cambium doesn’t exist. Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 25 (b) Dicotyledonae (Dicot): These plants have two seed leaves. Almost have all the hardwood tree species, produce fruits, vegetables etc. Examples: Pea, potato, sunflower, rose, apple, neem etc. Characteristics: - In the seed of these plants two cotyledons are found. - Have veins forming a network in their leaves. - The flower of the plant has multiples of four or five petals. - In the vascular part, cambium doesn’t exist Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 26 Lecture 1 soad Bayoumi 27