Basics Of Electronics PDF

BASICS OF ELECTRONICS Ms. Jasmin Sebastin, DECE, RSET  Electronics 2 ◻ The field of science and engineering which deals with electronic devices and its utilization  Applications 3 ◻ Entertainment and Communication 🞑 Radio and TV broadcasting, Telephone/M...

BASICS OF ELECTRONICS Ms. Jasmin Sebastin, DECE, RSET  Electronics 2 ◻ The field of science and engineering which deals with electronic devices and its utilization  Applications 3 ◻ Entertainment and Communication 🞑 Radio and TV broadcasting, Telephone/Mobile ◻ Defence 🞑 RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging), Drones ◻ Instrumentation 🞑 Signal generator, spectrum analyzer, CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)  Applications 4 ◻ Industry 🞑 Robots in manufacturing, lasers, mills, pumps ◻ Medical 🞑 X-ray, ECG, instruments to measure various vital signs ◻ Automobile 🞑 Engine, driver assistance, cooling system ◻ Consumer electronics 🞑 Home appliances  Evolution of Electronics 5  Evolution of Electronics 6  Evolution of Electronics 7  Evolution of Electronics 8  Evolution – Vacuum Tube 9 ◻ Invention of Vacuum Tube 🞑 Birth in 1904 with the vacuum diode developed by John Ambrose Fleming. 🞑 The advance is a big one -- setting the stage for the age of modern electronics. 🞑 It was not widely used until the 1910s, the valve has been pivotal in laying the foundations of what we call electronics technology today.  Invention of Vacuum Tube 10 ◻ “Thermionic Emission” – discharge of electrons from heated materials, widely used as a source of electrons in conventional electron tubes (e.g., television picture tubes) in the field of electronics and communications. ◻ Two electrodes – Cathode and Anode. ◻ Heater heats cathode to emit electrons. ◻ When anode is made more positive compared to cathode, electrons flow from cathode to anode through vacuum.  Invention of Vacuum Tube 11 ◻ Triodes developed by Lee De Forest in 1906. ◻ The triode was the first practical electronic amplifier and the ancestor of other types of vacuum tubes such as the tetrode and pentode. ◻ Triode, electron tube consisting of three electrodes – cathode filament, anode plate, and control grid – mounted in an evacuated metal or glass container.  Invention of Vacuum Tube 12 ◻ Further addition of grids – Tetrode, Pentode etc. ◻ Quite big and bulky. ◻ Filaments burnt out frequently. ◻ Required high voltages. ◻ Large energy dissipation and required cooling systems.  Evolution – Invention of Transistor 13 ◻ William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the transistor at Bell laboratories in 1947. ◻ Beginning of the era of semiconductor electronics.  Invention of Transistor 14 ◻ 3 terminals – Emitter, Base and Collector. ◻ Transistors replaced bulky vacuum tubes because of their smaller size. ◻ Mostly silicon and germanium is used for manufacturing. ◻ More reliable, durable and cheaper.  Invention of Transistor 15 ◻ A voltage or current applied to one pair of transistor’s terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals and it can amplify the signal also. Schematic symbols for transistors. (a) npn transistor. (b) pnp transistor.  Evolution – Invention of Integrated Circuits (IC) 17 ◻ Two people had the idea of ICs at the same time. ◻ Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductors) in 1957-58.  Invention of Integrated Circuits (IC) 18 ◻ Transistors were ◻ Original IC of Jack smaller than vacuum Kilby tubes but not small enough for newest ◻ Why not a whole electronics. circuit on a single ◻ Even small transistors chip ? required to be connected to wires and ◻ All the required other electronic components (in elements to form a addition to circuit. transistors) made ◻ Miniaturization of transistor had reached out of a limit. semiconductors  Invention of Integrated Circuits (IC) 19 ◻ Vacuum tubes to ◻ This transistors to ICs, miniaturization there is a still continues. noticeable decrease in size and increase in compactness.  Integration level of an integrated circuit chip 20 Integration level Years Number of transistors in a chip Small‐scale integration 1950 Less than 100 (SSI) Medium‐scale integration 1960 Between 100 and 1000 (MSI) Large‐scale integration 1970 Between 1000 and (LSI) 10,000 Very large‐scale 1980 Between 10,000 and integration (VLSI) 1,00,000  Integration level of an integrated circuit chip 21 Integration level Years Number of transistors in a chip Ultra large‐scale 1990 Between 1,00,000 and Integration (ULSI) 10,00,000 Super large‐scale 2000 Between 10,00,000 integration (SLSI) and 1,00,00,000 Extra-large-scale 2010 Between 1,00,00,000 and integration (ELSI) 10,00,00,000 Giant large-scale 2020 More than 10,00,00,000 integration (GLSI)  Moore’s Law 22 ◻ The law was named after Intel cofounder Gordon E. Moore. ◻ Moore's Law – published in an article April 19, 1965 in Electronics Magazine. ◻ Moore's Law is a computing term, which originated around the 1970’s. ◻ Moore’s law states that “the number of transistors doubles every 18–24 months in the best fabrication process available for an IC”. ◻ Moore's Law states that “the number of transistors on a microchip doubles about every two years, though the cost of computers is halved”.  Moore’s Law 23 ◻ Transistor sizes become smaller. ◻ Power consumption and cost decreases. ◻ Memory capacity and speed increases. ◻ Manufacturing companies such as Intel and IBM follow this trend when releasing chips. ◻ 1 micron (micrometer) = one millionth of a meter. ◻ Transistor feature sizes below 0.1 micron = 100 nanometer (nm) are referred to as Nano electronics. Moore’s Law  Moore’s Law 25 ◻As of 2019, Samsung and TSMC are commercially producing 5nm transistors. ◻TSMC plan to start volume manufacturing using a refined 3nm process technology called N3E in the second half of 2023. 26 Introduction to Electronic Components Active components Diodes, Transistors Passive components Resistors, capacitors, inductors  Some Electronic Components 27 Classification 28  Active components 29 ◻ Active components are parts of a circuit that rely on an external power source to control or modify electrical signals. ◻ In order for a circuit to be properly called electronic, it must contain at least one active device. ◻ All active devices control the flow of electric charges through them. ◻ E.g.:- Diode, Transistor, Op-amp, Voltage sources, Current sources etc.  Passive components 30 ◻ Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal. ◻ Don’t need an external power source to function. ◻ The components by themselves are not capable of amplifying or processing an electric signal. ◻ E.g.:- Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, transformers (remember that power is kept constant) etc.  ACTIVE COMPONENTS PASSIVE COMPONENT They require an external source for They do not require any external the operations. source for the operations. Active components can control the Passive components cannot control flow of current. the flow of the current. Capable of providing power gain (just Cannot provide any power gain like an amplifier) Active components are energy donor. Passive components are energy acceptor. Active components deliver power or Passive elements utilizes power or energy to the circuit. energy from the circuit. Diodes, Transistors, Integrated Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc. circuits etc. 31