Unit 1 Diode and Application PPTX PDF

ESC-101-ETC ‘Basic Electronics Engineering’ [ NEP 2020 Compliant Curriculum Structure First Year Engineering (2024 Pattern)] UNIT-I Diodes and Applications Prof:...

ESC-101-ETC ‘Basic Electronics Engineering’ [ NEP 2020 Compliant Curriculum Structure First Year Engineering (2024 Pattern)] UNIT-I Diodes and Applications Prof: M.P.SHEJAL DPCOE, Pune DPCOE, Pune  ESC-101-ETC ► CO1: Know about the working of P-N Junction diode and its application as rectifier & switch, basics of LED & Photodiode. ► Comprehensive Continuous Evaluation (CCE) Sr Parameters Marks Coverage of Units No 1 Unit Test 12 Marks Units 1 & Unit 2 (6 Marks/Unit) DPCOE, Pune  Teaching Methodology Detailing Lecture Topic Books Page No. No. 1. Evolution of Electronics, Current trends in T1 Preface Electronics, Impact of Electronics in Industry and Society. 2. Introduction to active and Passive components. T1 1.1 P-type and N- type semiconductors, 3. P-N junction diode: construction and working in T1 1.4 and FB, RB, V-I characteristics, Diode as switch, 1.6 4. Half wave, Full wave Rectifiers. T1 1.7,1.8, (with/ without analysis) 1.9 5. Bridge rectifier (with/ without analysis) T1 2.1, 2.2 Numerical based on Performance Parameters 6. Special purpose diodes : LED and Photo diode and T1 3.1,3.4 their applications T1: “Electronics Devices ” by Thomas L. Floyd, 9th Edition, Pearson DPCOE, Pune  Evolution of Electronics Introduction ► Definition: Electronics is a branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using electronic components, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a conductor, semiconductor, vacuum, or gas. ► Importance: Electronics are integral to modern life, powering everything from communication devices to medical equipment, transportation, and entertainment. ► Overview: We will explore the key milestones in the evolution of electronics, from early inventions to cutting-edge technologies shaping the future. DPCOE, Pune  Early Beginnings The Dawn of Electronics ► 1800s: Alessandro Volta invents the battery, providing the first source of continuous electric current. ► 1831: Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction, leading to the development of electric generators and transformers. ► 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, revolutionizing communication. DPCOE, Pune  The Vacuum Tube Era of Vacuum Tubes Age ❖ 1904: simplest vacuum tube–the diode–was invented by John Ambrose Fleming. ❖ 1907: De Forest invented the triode by inserting a third electrode between cathode and anode. ❖ 1920s-1930s: Radios and early televisions use vacuum tubes, making electronic entertainment widely available. DPCOE, Pune  Vacuum Tubes DPCOE, Pune  ENIAC 1947: The first electronic computer DPCOE, Pune  ENIAC computer ❖ Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer , thousand times faster than electro-mechanical computer ❖ 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 manual switches, and approximately 5,000,000 hand-soldered joints. ❖ Consumed 150 kW ❖ Input was possible from an IBM card reader ❖ 100 kHz clock ❖ Several tubes burned out almost every day, leaving it non- functional about half the time. DPCOE, Pune  The first transistor ❖ The vacuum tube was a bulky and fragile device which consumed a significant power. ❖ 1947: Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain at Bell Labs invented the first transistor. ❖ The first transistor was a “point contact transistor.” The modern transistor is a junction transistor, and it is monolithic r (in the same piece) semiconducto. DPCOE, Pune  Semiconductor technology ❖ The bipolar transistor continues to be an important device both as a discrete device and as part of Integrated Circuits (IC). ❖ However, in digital circuits such as processors and memory, the MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) field-effect transistor has surpassed the bipolar transistor because of the high integration density and low power consumption it offers. ❖ 1930: patent filed by Lilienfeld for field- DPCOE, Pune effect transistor (FET). AISSM COE, Pune ❖ The rest is ❖ 1958: Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments)  The Integrated Circuit ► 1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently develop the integrated circuit (IC), combining multiple transistors on a single chip. ► 1960s: Mass production of ICs begins, leading to widespread adoption in various electronic devices. ► Significance: ICs gave the way for modern computing by significantly reducing size and cost while increasing reliability and performance. DPCOE, Pune  The Microprocessor Era Birth of the Microprocessor ► 1971: Intel introduces the 4004, the first microprocessor, which integrates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. ► 1970s-1980s: Personal computers like the Apple II and IBM PC revolutionize society by making computing accessible to individuals and small businesses. ► Example: The microprocessor era leads to the development of software and applications that transform industries and daily life. DPCOE, Pune  Rise of Digital Electronics ► 1990s: The Internet becomes mainstream, connecting the world and enabling new forms of communication and commerce. ► 2000s: Mobile phones evolve into smartphones, integrating computing power with communication capabilities. ► Current Trends: The Internet of Things (IoT), wearable technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning are driving innovation in electronics today. DPCOE, Pune  Modern semiconductor technology DPCOE, Pune silicon wafer  Modern semiconductor technology Diffusi on furnac e DPCOE, Pune  Modern semiconductor technology DPCOE, Pune  Modern semiconductor technology DPCOE, Pune  What We expect? Qu. Write a short note on Evolution of Electronics? (4- 6M) ► Definition, Importance ► key milestones in the evolution of electronics ► Vacuum tubes ► Transistors ► Integrated Circuits ► Microprocessors ► Digital Electronics ► Internet, Gadgets used ► Telephones, Mobile Phones etc DPCOE, Pune  Current trends in Electronics Innovations Shaping the Future ► Internet of Things (IoT) Definition: Network of interconnected devices that communicate and share data. Applications: Smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare, and agriculture. Benefits: Improved efficiency, real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance. DPCOE, Pune  Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine ► Learning AI : Simulation (ML) in machines. of human intelligence ► ML: A subset of AI where machines learn from data. ► Applications: Autonomous vehicles, voice assistants, predictive analytics, personalized recommendations. ► Impact: Transforming industries like healthcare, finance, retail, and manufacturing. DPCOE, Pune  Wearable Technology ► Definition: Electronic devices worn on the body to monitor and enhance various activities. ► Popular Devices: Smartwatches, fitness trackers, smart clothing, AR glasses. ► Applications: Health monitoring, fitness tracking, augmented reality, personal safety. ► Future Prospects: Enhanced integration with health services, more accurate sensors, flexible and more comfortable designs. DPCOE, Pune  5G Technology ► Definition: The fifth generation of mobile network technology offering higher speeds, lower latency, and greater connectivity. ► Benefits: Enhanced mobile broadband, IoT device support, reliable low-latency communications. ► Applications: Smart cities, autonomous vehicles, remote healthcare, immersive media. ► Impact: Facilitates real-time data processing and communication, enabling new applications. DPCOE, Pune  Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual AR Definition: Overlaying digital information onto the real world. Reality (VR) ► ► VR Definition: Immersive digital environments that simulate physical presence. ► Applications: Gaming, education, training, remote collaboration, retail. ► Impact: Changing how we interact with digital content and enhancing user experiences. DPCOE, Pune  Advanced Sensor Technology ► Definition: Sensors with enhanced capabilities for detecting physical, chemical, and biological changes. ► Applications: Environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, smart homes, industrial automation. ► Innovations: Development of miniaturized, low- power, and high-sensitivity sensors. ► Impact: Enabling precise and real-time data collection, leading to smarter and more responsive systems. DPCOE, Pune  Energy Storage and Management ► Importance: Efficient energy storage and management are crucial for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. ► Trends: Development of high-capacity batteries, supercapacitors, and wireless charging technologies. ► Innovations: Solid-state batteries, fast-charging technologies, energy harvesting. ► Impact: Longer battery life, faster charging, and sustainable energy solutions. DPCOE, Pune  Sustainable Electronics ► Definition: Design and manufacturing of electronic devices with minimal environmental impact. ► Trends: Use of eco-friendly materials, recyclable components, energy-efficient designs. ► Challenges: E-waste management, sustainable sourcing of raw materials. ► Initiatives: Circular economy approaches, green manufacturing practices DPCOE, Pune  Qu. Explain the current trends in Electronics in detail? (4-6M) ► Internet of Things (IoT) ► Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) ► Wearable Technology ► 5G Technology ► Flexible and Wearable Electronics ► Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality ► Advanced Sensor Technology ► Energy Storage and Management ► Sustainable Electronics DPCOE, Pune  Impact of Electronics in industry and society. Impact on Industry & Society ► Automation: Use of robotics, automated assembly lines, and CNC machines. ► IoT in Manufacturing: Smart factories, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring. ► Healthcare: Improved diagnostics, remote monitoring, personalized treatment. ► Communication: Enhanced connectivity, global collaboration, real-time data sharing. ► Economy: Growth of tech-driven industries, job creation, innovation ecosystem. ► Quality of Life: Smart homes, wearable health tech, autonomous vehicles. ► Transforming Transportation: Electric vehicles (EVs) autonomous vehicles, Smart ticketing systems, real-time tracking, ► Electronics in Agriculture: Use of drones, sensors, DPCOE, Pune and GPS technology for crop monitoring and management.  Active and passive components ► An electronic component that provides power to a circuit is called an active component. ► An electronic component that can only absorb, dissipate, or store energy in a magnetic or electric field is referred to as a passive component. DPCOE, Pune  Active and passive components BJT, JFET,MOSFET DPCOE, Pune  Difference between active & Passive components 1. An external power is required to start basic operation of an active device where no extra power is used for passive device. 2. Active devices inject power to the circuit, whereas passive devices are incapable of supplying any energy. 3. Active devices are capable of providing power gain, and passive devices are incapable of providing power gain. 4. Active devices can control the current (energy) flow within the circuit, whereas passive device cannot control it. DPCOE, Pune  Introduction to semiconductor physics paraMETE r SEMI INsULaT CONDUcTOr cONDUcT O O r No. of valance 3 or less than 3 4r 5 or more electrons than 5 conductivity high medium negligible Semi Conductor Types Intrinsic Extrinsic DPCOE, Pune AISSM COE, Pune P type N type  Semi-conductor types Intrinsic Extrinsi Semi- Dopin c Semi- Cond g Con uctor ductor Intrinsic P Type Trivalen Semi- t Semi- Cond Impurit Condu uctor y ctor Intrinsic N Type Pentavale Semi- Semi- nt Cond Condu uctor Impurity ctor DPCOE, Pune  N type semi-conductor Pentavale nt (Donor) impurity Arsenic (As) Phosphorus (P) Antimony(Sb ) Bismuth(Bi) DPCOE, Pune  P type semi-conductor Trivalent (Accepto r) impurity Boron (B) Indium (In) Gallium(G a) DPCOE, Pune  P-N Junction (Diode) DPCOE, Pune  Diode Working Forward Reverse Bias Bias DPCOE, Pune  Voltage Current Characteristic DPCOE, Pune  Currents in a P-N junction DPCOE, Pune  Forward and reverse currents Ideal Diode Equation Where, ID and VD are the diode current and voltage, respectively q is the charge on the electron n is the ideality factor: n = 1 for indirect semiconductors (Si, Ge, etc.) n = 2 for direct semiconductors (GaAs , InP, etc.) k is Boltzmann’s constant T is temperature in Kelvin kT/q is also known as Vth, the thermal voltage. At 300K (room temperature),kT/q = 25.9mV DPCOE, Pune  Diode as a Switch DPCOE, Pune  Diode as Rectifier ► It is a circuit which converts AC into pulsating DC Rectifie r FWR FWR HWR Centre Bridg e DPCOE, Pune Tap  Half Wave Rectifier DPCOE, Pune  Center Tapped –Full Wave Rectifier DPCOE, Pune  Bridge Rectifier DPCOE, Pune  Comparison of HWR and FWR DPCOE, Pune  Light Emitting Diode (LED) DPCOE, Pune  LED Working ► When LED is forward biased, the electrons from the n-type material cross the p-n junction and recombine with holes in the p-type material. ► These free electrons are in the conduction band and at a higher energy level than the holes in the valence band. When recombination takes place, the recombining electrons release energy in the form of heat and light. In germanium and silicon diodes, almost the entire energy is given up in the form of heat and emitted light is insignificant. ► However, in materials like gallium arsenide, the number of photons of light energy is sufficient to produce quite intense visible light. ► The forward voltage ratings of most LEDs is from 1V to 3V and forward current ratings range from 20 mA to 100 Ma. In order that current through the LED does not exceed the safe value, a resistor Rs is connected in series with it. DPCOE, Pune  LED Working DPCOE, Pune DPCOE, Pune  Photo Diode DPCOE, Pune  Photo Diode Characteristics DPCOE, Pune DPCOE, Pune  Key Points ► Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction ► At low temperatures semiconductors act like insulators ► At higher temperatures they begin to conduct ► Doping of semiconductors leads to the production of p-type and n-type materials ► A junction between p-type and n-type semiconductors has the properties of a diode ► Silicon semiconductor diodes approximate the behavior of ideal diodes but have a conduction voltage of about 0.7 V ► There are also a wide range of special purpose diodes DPCOE, Pune  List of Laboratory Experiments 1. Study of Active and Passive components a) Resistors (Fixed &Variable), Calculation of resistor value using color code. b) Capacitors (Fixed &Variable) c) Inductors, Calculation of inductor value using color code. d) Devices such as Diode, BJT, MOSFET, various IC packages e) Switches & Relays 2.V-I characteristics of P-N Junction Diode (Study the datasheet of typical PN junction diode) 3.Rectifier circuits: Implement DC Regulated Power Supply using bridge rectifier & diodes. DPCOE, Pune DPCOE, Pune