Bit-Oriented & Character-Oriented Protocols PDF

Bit-Oriented & Character-Oriented Protocols PRESENTED BY: CORONEL, MATIAS, & NICOLAS  Studio Shodwe Computer Presentation Fueling the Future with Technology. @reallygreatsite What Are Communication Protocols? Protoco...

Bit-Oriented & Character-Oriented Protocols PRESENTED BY: CORONEL, MATIAS, & NICOLAS  Studio Shodwe Computer Presentation Fueling the Future with Technology. @reallygreatsite What Are Communication Protocols? Protocols define the rules and conventions for data exchange between devices. Two primary types of communication protocols: Bit-Oriented Protocols Character-Oriented Protocols History Bit-oriented protocol The evolution of bit-oriented protocols marked a major shift in how data is structured and transmitted over networks. Starting with HDLC in the 1970s, bit-oriented protocols provided a more efficient and flexible way to transmit data by breaking it into raw bits, rather than relying on characters. They paved the way for Frame Relay, PPP, and Ethernet, which have been foundational in shaping modern networking. Today, bit-oriented protocols remain essential for high-speed, scalable communication systems, particularly in LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. Character-oriented protocol The development of character-oriented protocols played a critical role in the early days of digital communication. These protocols laid the groundwork for modern networking and data exchange by allowing machines to transfer data in standardized, text-based formats. Protocols like Bisync, FTP, SMTP, and HTTP have influenced many of the data transmission and email systems we rely on today. While bit- oriented protocols have largely taken over for their efficiency, character-oriented protocols remain vital in many areas of computing, particularly in textual data communication and simple network interactions. Character-Oriented Protocol Character-Oriented Protocol Character-Oriented Protocol, also known as byte-oriented protocol, is a type of data communication protocol where the information is transmitted in the form of characters (bytes) with special character sequences used to mark the beginning and end of data packets. Types of Character- BISYNC Binary Synchronous Communication Oriented Protocols DLE Data Link Escape PPP Point-to-Point Protocol  Simple Structure Easy to implement, which makes it practical for straightforward data transmission. ADVANTAGES Reliable for Small Packets Well-suited for sending small packets of of Character-Oriented Protocol data. Error Detection Uses control characters for basic error detection, ensuring data integrity.  High Overead Easy to implement, which makes it practical for straightforward data transmission. DISADVANTAGES Limited Efficiency Well-suited for sending small packets of of Character-Oriented Protocol data.  APPLICATION Common in older systems, Data is sent in packets marked like early telecommunications, by control characters to computer networks, and serial indicate start and end points. connections Bit-Oriented Protocol What is a Bit-Oriented Protocol? A Bit-Oriented Protocol is a communication protocol that organizes and transmits data in terms of individual bits rather than bytes or characters. Data is encapsulated into frames, and the interpretation of bits is critical in these protocols. Key Characteristics Bit-Level Framing: Data is framed using bit patterns. Bit Stuffing: Techniques are often used to avoid conflicts between control bits and data bits. Efficient Data Transmission: Useful for applications requiring high-efficiency, low- level control. How Do Bit-Oriented Protocols Work? Data Encapsulation and Framing Frame Structure A frame starts with a start delimiter and ends with an end delimiter. Inside, the data is organized bit by bit. Control information (such as type of frame, flags, etc.) is encoded in specific bit fields. Bit Stuffing To ensure that certain bit patterns (like flag sequences) do not appear in data fields, extra bits are inserted into the stream. Example: If a sequence of 5 consecutive 1's is encountered, a 0 bit may be inserted to prevent misinterpretation of the frame delimiter. Examples High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) HDLC is a widely used bit-oriented protocol in data link layer communication. Frame Structure: Flag: 01111110 (Start/End of frame) Address Field: Identifies the destination. Control Field: Defines the frame type (information, supervision, etc.). Data Field: Contains the actual payload. CRC: Used for error checking. Bit Stuffing in HDLC: If five consecutive 1's are transmitted in the data field, a 0 is inserted to prevent confusion with the flag 01111110. Advantages of Bit-Oriented Protocols Efficiency More compact as data is managed at the bit level. Lower overhead for certain types of data transmission. Flexibility Easier to adapt to different types of communication links. Error Detection Supports advanced error-checking techniques like CRC. Transparency Ensures that special sequences (like delimiters) do not appear in the data stream. Applications Data Link Layer Used in point-to-point communication (e.g., HDLC, PPP). Networking Frame Relay, ATM, and some aspects of Ethernet use bit- oriented techniques for efficient data transfer. Embedded Systems Some embedded protocols use bit-level framing for low-latency communication. Satellite & Wireless Communication Bit-oriented protocols are used in space communications where low overhead and high efficiency are crucial. Challenges of Bit-Oriented Protocols Potential Issues Bit Stuffing Overhead -Inserting extra bits can increase transmission time and reduce efficiency. Synchronization -Ensuring that both sender and receiver are synchronized with the bit stream can be challenging. Complexity -Bit-oriented protocols can be more complex to implement and troubleshoot compared to character-oriented protocols. Bit-Oriented vs. Character-Oriented THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!