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Questions and Answers

HDLC is a widely used bit-oriented protocol in the ______ layer communication.

data link

If five consecutive 1's are transmitted in the data field, a ______ is inserted to prevent confusion with the flag.

0

The CRC field in HDLC is used for ______ checking.

error

Bit-oriented protocols are often used in ______ communication where low overhead and high efficiency are crucial.

<p>satellite</p> Signup and view all the answers

One challenge of bit-oriented protocols is ______ overhead, which can increase transmission time.

<p>bit stuffing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two primary types of communication protocols are Bit-Oriented and ______

<p>Character-Oriented</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bit-oriented protocols began with ______ in the 1970s.

<p>HDLC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bit-oriented protocols break data into raw ______ instead of characters.

<p>bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protocols like Bisync, FTP, SMTP, and HTTP are examples of ______-Oriented Protocols.

<p>Character</p> Signup and view all the answers

Character-Oriented Protocols transmit information in the form of ______.

<p>characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ Synchronous Communication is a character-oriented protocol.

<p>Binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

In character-oriented protocols, data is typically marked by ______ characters.

<p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bit-oriented protocols remain essential for high-speed, scalable communication systems, especially in ______.

<p>LANs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Point-to-Point Protocol is abbreviated as ______.

<p>PPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

While bit-oriented protocols are more efficient, character-oriented protocols are vital in textual data communication and simple ______ interactions.

<p>network</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transition from character-oriented to bit-oriented protocols marked a major shift in how data is structured and ______.

<p>transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

Character-oriented protocols are well-suited for sending ______ packets of data.

<p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______-Oriented Protocol organizes and transmits data in individual bits.

<p>Bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

To avoid conflicts between control bits and data bits, bit ______ techniques are used.

<p>stuffing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each frame in bit-oriented protocols starts with a start ______ and ends with an end delimiter.

<p>delimiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Character-oriented protocols are common in older systems and early ______ like telecommunications.

<p>networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Communication Protocols

Rules for data exchange between devices.

BISYNC

A type of character-oriented protocol that uses control characters to synchronize communication between systems.

Bit-Oriented Protocols

Data transmitted as raw bits; more efficient for high-speed communication.

Character-Oriented Protocol

A communication protocol that transmits data in terms of characters or bytes, using control characters to mark the beginning and end of data packets.

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Character-Oriented Protocols

Data transmitted as characters (bytes); common for early digital communication.

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Binary Synchronous Communication

A specific method for communicating data using characters and control characters.

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DLE

Data Link Escape, a control character used in character-oriented protocols to escape other control characters.

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HDLC

An early bit-oriented protocol (often cited in the history of these types of protocols).

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PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)

A character-oriented protocol commonly used for point-to-point connections, known for its simplicity and reliability for small data packets.

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Frame Relay

An example of a bit-oriented protocol important for networking.

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PPP

Another notable bit-oriented protocol popular for networking.

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Bit-Oriented Protocol

A communication protocol where data is transmitted as individual bits, encapsulating data within frames with bit-level control sequences.

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HDLC

A widely used bit-oriented protocol in data link layer communication, using flags, addresses, control, data, and CRC for frame structure.

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Ethernet

A widely used bit-oriented protocol for computer networks.

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Data Encapsulation

Wrapping data within 'frames' in protocols. This often includes headers and trailers for sending and receiving.

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Bisync

An example of a character-oriented protocol.

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FTP

File transfer protocol, a character-based protocol.

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SMTP

Protocol for sending emails.

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HTTP

Protocol for web communication.

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Bit Stuffing

A technique used in bit-oriented protocols to prevent a data sequence from being misinterpreted as a flag sequence.

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Bit Stuffing

A technique used in bit-oriented protocols to avoid confusion between data bits and control bits in data streams.

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Flag

Special bit sequence (01111110) used to mark the start and end of a frame in bit-oriented protocols.

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Bit-Oriented Protocol

A data link layer protocol that transmits data as individual bits rather than as characters.

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Control Field

Part of a frame that indicates the type of frame (information, supervision, etc.).

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Data Field

Part of a frame that contains the actual data being transmitted.

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CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check: used for error detection in data.

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Bit Stuffing Overhead

Increased transmission time and reduced efficiency caused by inserting extra bits.

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Synchronization (in protocols)

Maintaining the correct timing and alignment between sender and receiver during transmission.

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Study Notes

Communication Protocols

  • Protocols define rules and conventions for device data exchange.
  • Two primary types: Bit-Oriented and Character-Oriented.

Bit-Oriented Protocols

  • Evolved in the 1970s, with HDLC.
  • Provided more efficient and flexible data transmission by breaking data into raw bits.
  • Key protocols like Frame Relay, PPP, and Ethernet.
  • Essential for high-speed, scalable communication in LANs, WANs, and wireless networks.

Character-Oriented Protocols

  • Played a crucial role in early digital communication.
  • Enabled data transfer formatted in standardized text.
  • Supported by protocols such as Bisync, FTP, SMTP, and HTTP.
  • While bit-oriented protocols are more efficient, character-oriented protocols remain vital for textual data and simpler network interactions.

Character-Oriented Protocol (Detailed)

  • Also known as byte-oriented protocol.
  • Data communication where information is sent in character form.
  • Uses special character sequences to mark data packet start and end.

Types of Character-Oriented Protocols

  • BISYNC: Binary Synchronous Communication
  • DLE: Data Link Escape
  • PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol

Advantages of Character-Oriented Protocols

  • Simple structure: Easy to implement for straightforward data transmission.
  • Reliable for small packets: Well-suited for sending small data packets.
  • Error detection: Uses control characters to detect errors.

Disadvantages of Character-Oriented Protocols

  • High overhead: Easy to implement, but might have higher overhead in data transmission for straightforward data transmission.
  • Limited efficiency: Well-suited for sending small packets of data, but can be less efficient for large-scale operations.

Applications of Character-Oriented Protocols

  • Common in older systems, like telecommunications and serial connections.
  • Data is sent in packets marked by control characters to indicate start and end points.

Bit-Oriented Protocols (Detailed)

  • Organize and transmit data in terms of individual bits, not bytes or characters.
  • Data is encapsulated into frames; bit interpretation is critical.

Key Characteristics of Bit-Oriented Protocols

  • Bit-Level Framing: Data framed with bit patterns.
  • Bit Stuffing: Used to prevent control bit and data bit conflicts.
  • Efficient Data Transmission: Suited for high-efficiency, low-level control applications.

How Bit-Oriented Protocols Work

  • Data Encapsulation and Framing: Frame starts with a start delimiter, the data presented in bits, and ends with an end delimiter.
  • Bit Stuffing: To avoid certain bit patterns from appearing in the data fields, additional bits, called "stuffing bits" are inserted into stream.
  • Example of Bit Stuffing: If a sequence of five consecutive '1's is encountered in a data field, a '0' bit is inserted.
  • Frame Format: (Example) 01111110 | Address | Control | Data | Checksum | 01111110 (8 bits | 8 bits | 8 bits| 20 bits | 16 bits| 8 bits)

Examples of Bit-Oriented Protocols

  • HDLC: High-Level Data Link Control.
    • Widely used.
    • Bit-oriented protocol in the data link layer.
    • Frame Structure: Flag(01111110), Address, Control, Data, CRC.
    • Bit Stuffing in HDLC: Insert a 0 bit after five consecutive 1's to distinguish them from the Flag.

Advantages of Bit-Oriented Protocols

  • Efficiency: More compact as data is managed at the bit level.
  • Flexibility: Adaptable to different communication links.
  • Error Detection: Supports advanced error-checking techniques (CRC).
  • Transparency: Ensures special sequences, like delimiters, don't appear.

Applications of Bit-Oriented Protocols

  • Networking and communication: HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay.
  • Embedded Systems: Some embedded protocols for low-latency communication.
  • Satellite and Wireless Communication: Crucial for low overhead, high efficiency.

Challenges of Bit-Oriented Protocols

  • Bit Stuffing Overhead: Increasing transmission time, reducing efficiency.
  • Synchronization: Ensuring sender and receiver alignment with the bit stream (challenging).
  • Complexity: Often more complex to implement and debug compared to character-oriented protocols.

Bit-Oriented vs. Character-Oriented Protocols (Comparison)

Feature Bit-Oriented Protocols Character-Oriented Protocols
Data Representation Bit-level Byte/Character-level
Efficiency Higher Lower
Error Detection Bit-level error detection methods (CRC, checksums) Relies on character boundaries
Complexity More complex (e.g., bit stuffing) Simpler (e.g., ASCII-based)
Usage High-speed, low-level control applications Simple data transmission, and older systems.

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