Blood Circulation in Human Body PDF

Blood circulation in human body Blood vessels Blood pressure Diseases Additional videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMBSU-2GK3E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gExUCrpAKyQ What are Blood Vessels? Blood vessels are hollow tubes that carry blood th...

Blood circulation in human body Blood vessels Blood pressure Diseases Additional videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMBSU-2GK3E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gExUCrpAKyQ What are Blood Vessels? Blood vessels are hollow tubes that carry blood throughout our body. They form a network of pathways for blood flow, delivering essential nutrients, oxygen, and removing waste products. Structure of Blood Vessels: All blood vessels have three main layers: Tunica Intima: Innermost layer. Composed of endothelial cells that create a smooth surface for blood flow. Tunica Media: Middle layer. Made up of smooth muscle fibers. Responsible for vessel contraction and dilation. Tunica Adventitia: Outermost layer. Composed of connective tissue. Provides structural support and protection. Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries: Arteries are thick , muscular vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They have thick elastic walls that can withstand high blood pressure. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles. Veins Veins are thin-walled blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins merge into larger vessels called venules. Capillaries Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect arteries and veins. They are the site of nutrient and gas exchange between blood and body tissues. Capillaries have a large surface area to maximize exchange efficiency. Blood Flow: Blood flows through the blood vessels in a continuous cycle. The heart pumps oxygenated blood into the arteries, which carry it to the body's organs and tissues. Capillaries facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins, and the cycle repeats. Importance of Blood Vessels: Blood vessels are vital for the proper functioning of our body. They transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells to the cells and organs. Waste products, such as carbon dioxide, are removed through blood vessels. They help regulate body temperature and play a role in maintaining blood pressure. Keeping Blood Vessels Healthy: Regular exercise: Promotes healthy blood flow and strengthens vessel walls. Balanced diet: Consuming fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports vascular health. Avoid smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and increases the risk of diseases. Manage stress: Chronic stress can affect blood vessel function. Antigens Antigens are molecules or molecular structures that can be recognized by the immune system, particularly by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. They are typically proteins or polysaccharides, and can be found on the surface of pathogens, cells, and even within the body. Blood group Blood groups, also known as blood types, are classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids. Types of major blood groups The ABO system is based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells. Type A: Has A antigens on the surface of RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Type B: Has B antigens on the surface of RBCs and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Type AB: Has both A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Known as the universal recipient. Type O: Has no A or B antigens on the surface of RBCs but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Known as the universal donor. Rh factor Rh Blood Group System The Rh system is based on the presence or absence of the Rh factor (also known as the D antigen). Rh-positive (Rh+): Has the Rh factor on the surface of RBCs. Rh-negative (Rh-): Does not have the Rh factor on the surface of RBCs. Blood type compatibility Blood Type Compatibility Blood transfusions must be compatible to prevent adverse reactions. Compatibility is determined by matching both the ABO and Rh systems. Type O-: Universal donor for RBCs as it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens. Type AB+: Universal recipient for RBCs as it has A, B, and Rh antigens Importance of Blood Group Typing Transfusions: Ensuring compatibility prevents transfusion reactions. Pregnancy: Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. Medical Procedures: Certain surgeries and treatments require prior knowledge of blood type. Conclusion: Blood vessels are essential for the proper functioning of our circulatory system. Arteries, veins, and capillaries have distinct roles in carrying and exchanging blood. Keeping our blood vessels healthy through lifestyle choices is crucial for overall well-being. Heart beat Definition: The heartbeat is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles, essential for pumping blood. Phases: Systole: Ventricles contract, pushing blood into the arteries. Diastole: Heart muscles relax, allowing chambers to fill with blood. Normal Resting Heart Rate: Adults: 60 to 100 beats per minute. Influenced by exercise, stress, medication, and overall health. What is Blood Pressure? Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Blood pressure is essential for the circulation of blood throughout our body.  Blood pressure is expressed as two numbers: systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. Systolic and Diastolic Systolic pressure: The higher number representing the pressure when the heart Pressure: contracts and pumps blood. Diastolic pressure: The lower number representing the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.  A sphygmomanometer, commonly known as a blood pressure cuff, is used to measure blood pressure. Measuring Blood The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm, and a stethoscope is used to listen to the Pressure: blood flow. The systolic and diastolic pressures are recorded.  A normal blood pressure range for adults is generally around 120/80 Normal mmHg. Blood The first number (systolic pressure) Pressure should be less than 120 mmHg. Range: The second number (diastolic pressure) should be less than 80 mmHg. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Hypertension is a condition where blood pressure is consistently higher than the normal range. It can put strain on blood vessels, the heart, and other organs. Hypertension increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health complications. Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Hypotension is a condition where blood pressure is consistently lower than the normal range. It can cause dizziness, fainting, and inadequate blood flow to organs. Hypotension may be caused by dehydration, medication, or underlying health conditions. Factors Affecting Blood Pressure: 1. Several factors can influence blood pressure:Age: Blood pressure tends to increase with age. 2. Physical activity: Regular exercise can help maintain healthy blood pressure. 3. Diet: A balanced diet low in sodium and rich in fruits and vegetables promotes healthy blood pressure. 4. Stress: Chronic stress can impact blood pressure levels. 5. Genetics: Family history of high blood pressure may increase the risk. Maintaining Healthy Blood Pressure: Maintain a healthy weight through regular exercise and a Maintain balanced diet. Limit sodium intake and avoid excessive alcohol Limit consumption. Manage Manage stress through relaxation techniques. Follow prescribed medications for hypertension or Follow hypotension. What is Uric Acid? Uric acid is a waste product that forms when the body breaks It is a chemical down purines, which compound composed are substances found of carbon, nitrogen, in certain foods and oxygen, and hydrogen. naturally produced by the body. Role of Uric Acid: Uric acid has antioxidant properties that help protect against oxidative stress in the body. In small amounts, it acts as an antioxidant and contributes to the regulation of blood pressure. Uric acid also plays a role in the excretion of certain toxins. Uric Acid and Health: Hyperuricemia is High levels of uric acid associated with the in the blood can lead formation of urate to health issues, crystals, leading to primarily a condition conditions like gout called hyperuricemia. and kidney stones. Gout: Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the accumulation of urate crystals in the joints. It commonly affects the big toe, causing severe pain, swelling, and redness. Gout attacks can be triggered by factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, obesity, and genetics. Kidney Stones: Excess uric acid can also lead to the formation of kidney stones. Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause intense pain during urination. They may require medical intervention to alleviate symptoms and remove the stones This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Factors Affecting Uric Acid Levels: Diet: Consuming purine-rich foods, such as organ meats, seafood, and certain vegetables, can increase uric acid levels. Obesity: Excess body weight is associated with higher uric acid production. Alcohol consumption: Alcohol can inhibit uric acid excretion and contribute to increased levels. Genetics: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to higher uric acid levels. Managing Uric Acid Levels: Stay hydrated: Drinking an adequate amount of water helps dilute uric acid and promotes its excretion. Limit purine-rich foods: Reduce consumption of organ meats, seafood, and foods high in fructose. Maintain a healthy weight: Weight loss can help reduce uric acid levels. Limit alcohol intake: Moderation or avoidance of alcohol can assist in managing uric acid levels. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed Medical Intervention: In cases of severe hyperuricemia, medications may be prescribed to lower uric acid levels. These medications can inhibit uric acid production or enhance its excretion. It is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Diabetes Type 2 A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. Causes: Unhealthy Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity and poor diet. Genetic Factors: Family history of diabetes can increase the risk. Obesity: Excessive body weight can contribute to insulin resistance.  Frequent urination and excessive thirst. Unexplained weight loss or weight gain. Fatigue and tiredness. Symptoms: Blurred vision. Slow healing of wounds or infections. Complications: Cardiovascular Disease: Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. Nerve Damage: Numbness, tingling, or pain in hands and feet. Kidney Disease: May lead to kidney failure. Eye Problems: Retinopathy, cataracts, or glaucoma. Foot Problems: Ulcers, infections, and potential amputation. Prevention: Maintain a Healthy Weight: Exercise regularly and eat a balanced diet. Avoid Sedentary Lifestyle: Engage in physical activities daily. Choose Healthy Foods: Consume a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit Sugar Intake: Avoid sugary drinks and snacks. Regular Check-ups: Monitor blood sugar levels and consult a healthcare professional.  Lifestyle Changes: Adopt healthy eating habits and increase physical activity. Oral Medications: Treatment: Prescribed by doctors to control blood sugar levels. Insulin Injections: Administered in severe cases when oral medications are not  Blood Sugar Monitoring: Regularly check blood sugar levels. Medication Adherence: Take Living with prescribed medications as Diabetes directed. Healthy Habits: Maintain a Type 2: balanced diet and exercise routine. Emotional Support: Seek support from family, friends, or support groups. Conclusion: Recap the key points discussed. Emphasize the importance of early detection, prevention, and management of diabetes type 2. Encourage healthy lifestyle choices and regular medical check-ups. Heart Attack and Prevention Define Heart Attack: A medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue damage. Mention the prevalence and impact of heart attacks globally.  Coronary Artery Disease: Buildup of plaque in the arteries, restricting blood flow. Causes of Heart High Blood Pressure: Increases strain on the heart and arteries. High Cholesterol: Excess cholesterol can form plaque in the arteries. Attack: Smoking: Damages blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots. Symptoms of a Heart Attack: Chest pain or discomfort. Shortness of breath. Pain in the arms, neck, jaw, or back. Nausea, lightheadedness, or cold sweat. during a Heart Attack Immediate Actions Call Emergency Services: Dial the emergency helpline immediately. Chew Aspirin: If not allergic, chew an aspirin to help prevent blood clotting. Stay Calm: Rest and try to remain calm until help arrives. Prevention of Heart Attacks: Healthy Diet: Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, Consume and lean proteins. Regular Exercise: Engage in physical activities for at least 150 minutes per Exercise week. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Aim for a healthy body weight to reduce strain on Maintain the heart. Quit Smoking: Seek professional help to quit smoking and avoid secondhand Quit smoke. Manage Manage Stress: Practice stress-reducing techniques like meditation or hobbies.  Aspirin: Reduces the risk of blood clotting. Statins: Lower cholesterol levels. Medication s for Heart Beta-Blockers: Decrease heart Attack rate and blood pressure. Prevention: ACE Inhibitors: Manage high blood pressure and improve heart function. Antiplatelet Drugs: Prevent blood clotting. Coronary angioplasty and stent https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=bzasYRhmOWg https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM Lifestyle Changes after a Heart Attack: Cardiac Rehabilitation: Participate in supervised exercise programs and education sessions. Medication Adherence: Take prescribed medications as directed. Healthy Eating: Follow a heart-healthy diet recommended by healthcare professionals. Stress Management: Engage in stress-reducing activities and seek support when needed. Heart attack and its Treatment treatment of Heart Attack Aspirin: Makes the blood thin Clot busters (Thrombolytics, Fibrinolytics): breaks the blood clot Heparin: Makes the blood less sticky Nitroglycerin: Widens the blood vessels. Morphine: Relieves Chest pain Beta Blockers And ACE inhibitors: Slows heartbeat and reduces blood Pressure Statins: Decreases unhealthy cholesterols Surgical method https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY5gKdFWT3k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e13TGGccvT4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyBPtLrKfk4