Science Reviewer (2nd Quarter) PDF

Lesson 2: Circulatory System “Every truth has four corners: as a teacher I give you one corner, and it is for you to find the other three.” – Confucius -a network that carries blood throughout the body. -it supplies the cells with food and oxygen needed to survive. -At the same time, it carries...

Lesson 2: Circulatory System “Every truth has four corners: as a teacher I give you one corner, and it is for you to find the other three.” – Confucius -a network that carries blood throughout the body. -it supplies the cells with food and oxygen needed to survive. -At the same time, it carries carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells. ▸Word bank -heart -pulmonary circulation -systemic circulation -veins -capillaries -arteries -plasma -aorta -vena cava -valves ▸Functions: Transport substances around the body. Controlling / Regulating body temperature. Protect the body. ▸Type of Circulation Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation ▸Blood Circulation ▸Parts and Functions Heart Blood Vessels Blood ▸From the Video about the heart. Blood -the medium of how we transport glucose and gasses -Color of blood can vary depending on the oxygen it currently carries oxygen  Blood’s Functions -Maintaining a certain pH -Temperature -Osmotic Pressure -all of this is important for the process called Homeostasis -It transports things like hormones, nutrients and gases -Made up of different components: -Plasma, the liquid portion -Cellular Components which means red blood cells that transport gases, white blood cells that can fight infection -Platelets which are actually cellular fragments and they’re involved in helping your blood clot. -Red blood cells have an iron containing protein called Hemoglobin and that is where the red coloring of blood comes from. Human heart anatomy observes the heart divided into two distinct and separated partitions: -Deoxygenated(low oxygen) Partition -Oxygenated Partition Arteries -carries blood away from the heart -clue:A stands for away -Oxygen rich but there are some exceptions -Exiting the heart Veins -carries blood to the heart -typically oxygen poor but there are exceptions Capillaries -small blood vessels and it is at the capillary level where the oxygen is delivered to organs and tissues and where carbon dioxide will also be picked up to travel back to the lungs -Opposite sides so the left is the right side and the right is the left side of the heart ▸A’s for Atria -top of the heart -thinner walls ▸V for Ventricle -bottom of the heart -thicker walls -The heart also contains valves which we’ll see when we get to tracing the pathway blood -The valves are one way structures that help separate the chambers and also prevent back-flow of blood. -After passing through the Pulmonary Artery it gets OXYGENATED  \ Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta Pathway of blood through the heart 1. Toe blood is going to get there through the inferior vena cava. -this blood is deoxygenated -Needs to get to the heart to be pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen and be spread throughout the body -Going to get there through the vena cava -(Inferior vena cava to be specific as superior vena cava is above the heart)  2. The blood enters the right atrium. 3. The right atrium contracts, pushing the blood through the tricuspid valve 4. into the right ventricle. 5. The right ventricle contracts, pumping the blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery. 6. The pulmonary artery takes blood to the lungs where the red blood cells in the blood will take on oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Now this blood is oxygenated! 7. It needs to return to the heart so that the heart can pump it throughout the body. The oxygenated blood travels through a pulmonary vein 8. to the left atrium. 9. The left atrium contracts and the blood travels through the mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve 10. into the left ventricle. 11.The left ventricle contracts and pumps the blood through the aortic valve and out a major artery known as the aorta. The aorta is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood throughout the body. ▸Coronary Arteries -Where heart receives its blood supply -A blockage of it can lead to a heart attack -branch off the aorta and eventually deliver blood into capillaries -These capillaries deliver oxygen and glucose to the heart. ▸Coronary Veins -will take the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium where the blood will eventually travel the pathway to become oxygenated. Pulmonary -relating to the lungs ▸Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) Can cause -Abnormal Heartbeat -Stroke -Heart Failure ▸Cardiology -study about the heart ▸The Heart Aorta -The main artery carrying oxygenated blood to all parts of the body Pulmonary artery -Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left atrium -Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Mitral (bicuspid) Valve -Two flaps in the heart that lies between the left atrium and left ventricle Left ventricle -Region of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body Tricuspid valve -Allows the blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle Right ventricle -Region of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs  Right atrium -Segment of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood Pulmonary vein -Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs Vena cava -Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart Semilunar valve -Flaps that prevents backflow of blood ▸Heart Rate (pulse rate) -is the number of times your heart beats every minute. -The average resting heart rate is about 70–75 bpm. ▸Blood Vessels -​​transports blood throughout the human body Types of Blood Vessels -Vein -Capillary -Artery  Artery -carries blood away from the heart -carries blood at high pressure -carries oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood from the heart to the body’s cell -has a thick elastic and muscular wall Capillary -carries blood to and from the body’s cell -connects an artery to a vein -has a very thin wall made of a single layer of cells -has a thin wall so that substances can be exchanged between the blood and the body cells -A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.  Vein -carries blood back into the heart -carries blood at low pressure -carries oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood from the body’s cell to the heart -has a thin wall and contains valves ▸What’s in the Blood: -White Blood Cells -Platelets -Plasma -Digested Food -Hormones -Carbon Dioxide -Oxygen -Red blood cell ▸The Blood -is the body’s means of transporting substances around -Oxygen -Minerals- intestines to the tissues -Carbon Dioxide -Nutrients -Waste Products-to the kidneys and livers -Hormones ▸Red blood Cells(RBC) -a biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus -contains a red-colored compound, hemoglobin, -a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it. -bonds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. -made in the bone marrow -also called ERYTHROCYTES -can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes a single file through the capillaries. -transport oxygen to the tissues ▸White Blood Cells (WBC) -​​contains a big nucleus. -the two main ones are: the lymphocytes and the macrophages -macrophages ‘eat’ and digest microorganisms -also called as LEUKOCYTES -acts as the body’s defense system. -some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight infection. Types of White Blood Cells -Neutrophils -Kills bacteria, fungi and foreign debris -Monocytes -Clean up damaged cells -Eosinophils -Kills parasites, cancer cells and involved in allergic response -Lymphocytes -Helps fight viruses and make antibodies -Basophils -Involved in allergic response ▸Platelets -are bits of cells broken off from larger cells. -produce tiny fibrinogen fibers to form a net. -this net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot. -also known as THROMBOCYTES -formed in red bone marrow. -thrombus -produce thrombokinase – a chemical needed for blood clotting. -helps to repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally. ▸Plasma -A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot. What it contains - Carbon Dioxide - Glucose - Amino Acids - Proteins - Minerals - Vitamins - Hormones - 90% water - Waste Materials like Urea Centrifugation -a mechanical technique in which centrifugal force is used to separate components of mixtures based on their size and/or density. ▸Some Common Circulatory Diseases / Disorders Anemia -a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues.  Thrombosis -the process of a blood clot, also known as a thrombus, forming in a blood vessel. -this clot can block or obstruct blood flow in the affected area Stroke -a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain -blood flow to the brain is disrupted leading to a brain cell death and potentially severe neurological deficits -caused by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel in the brain -symptoms: Headache  Hemophilia -a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). -also be called as “bleeder’s disease” Lymphoma -a cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system -called lymphocytes. -When you have lymphoma, lymphocytes change and grow out of control Atherosclerosis -refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow. -can affect most of the arteries in the body, including arteries in the heart, brain, arms, legs, pelvis, and kidneys.  Heart attack -occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is blocked. -the blockage is most often a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances, which form a plaque in the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries). -Also known as “Myocardial infarction”. Hypertension -another name for high blood pressure. -Blood pressure is the force that a person's blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels.  Heart murmurs -are sounds — such as whooshing or swishing — made by turbulent blood in or near your heart. Leukemia -a blood cancer caused by a rise in the number of white blood cells in your body. -the extra white blood cells don't work right. -Treatments: Chemotherapy; Radiation therapy ▸Heart Beats of Different Animals and Human  Camel-30 bpm Human-70 bpm Lizard-70 bpm Bird-165 bpm Rats-530 bpm Bats-750 bpm Hummingbirds-1000 bpm ▸Arteries, Veins and Capillaries -if joined together end to end -They would stretch more than 62,000 miles or 2 and a half times around the EARTH ▸Did you know that… -Blood travels through A child’s body about 3 times per minute -In grown-ups, blood only travels around the body once a minute every minute.