biosphere.pdf

Lesson 3.1 What is Earth System Science?  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow (S11/12ES-Ia-e- 4).  Learning Objective...

Lesson 3.1 What is Earth System Science?  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow (S11/12ES-Ia-e- 4).  Learning Objective In this lesson, you should be able to explain the concept of Earth system science. The photograph was taken by a NASA astronaut, Reid Weisman. He described it as one of his “favorite views from space”.  Learn about it! Earth System Science It is the study of Earth as an integrated system. It seeks to understand the past, current, and future state of our planet. The interdisciplinary nature of ESS led to the development of new ideas for research, as well as promoting scientific studies to people of different backgrounds. Learn about it! Vladimir Alexander von James Vernadsky Humboldt Hutton The Organism dispersal Father of noosphere and distribution modern geology Learn about it! Vladimir Vernadsky The noosphere Learn about it! Alexander von Humboldt Organism dispersal and distribution Learn about it! James Hutton Father of Modern Geology Learn about it! James Lynn Lovelock Margulis The Gaia Hypothesis Learn about it! Lynn Margulis The Gaia Hypothesis  Learn about it! The Gaia Hypothesis The Gaia Hypothesis states that the Earth is a self- regulating system. Organisms interact with their surroundings and other organisms. These interactions make Earth self- sustaining.  Learn about it! NASA ESS Committee NASA scientists aim to understand Earth’s systems by using satellites for long- term observations. The International Space Station  Learn about it! NASA ESS Committee NASA continuously collects data through their satellites. Scientists and data analysts process the data for human use. Examples of uses are for weather, atmospheric The International Space Station analysis, and many more.  Learn about it! Satellite Imagery Satellites can take photos of the Earth from space for various purposes. Typhoon image from satellite  Key Points An Earth System Science Committee was formed by NASA in 1983. Several scientists have contributed to the study of ESS. Knowledge on Earth System Science is essential to understand Earth’s components that are essential in our daily lives and useful in drafting policies for conservation of our planet.  Photo Credit Slide 9: Lynn Margulis by Jpedreira is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons.  Bibliography Botkin, Daniel B and Edward A Keller. 2011. Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hefferan, Kevin and John O’Brien. 2010. Earth Materials. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. NASA. “International Cooperation.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/cooperation/index.html. NASA. “Astronaut Requirements.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Astronaut_Requirements.html. Prothero, Donald R and Robert H. Dott, Jr. 2010. Evolution of the Earth. New York: McGraw-Hill.  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J and Frederick K. Lutgens. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. United States Geological Survey. “Precipitation: The Water Cycle.” Last modified December 2, 2016. Accessed February 8, 2017. http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleprecipitation.html. University of Colorado Boulder. “Biogeochemical Cycles.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040209/https://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL1070/chap 04/chapter4.html. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. “Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere.” https://scied.ucar.edu/atmosphere-layers. University of Michigan’s Global Change Courses. “A Goddess of the Earth? A Debate over the Gaia Hypothesis.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/Gaia/index.html. Utah State University. “Trees and Climate Change.” Accessed April 4, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2783&context=extension_curall. Lesson 3.2 Four Subsystems of Earth  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow (S11/12ES-Ia-e-4).  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow. Differentiate among these four subsystems of Earth.  The word sphere comes from the Greek word sphaira, which means globe or ball. What makes each sphere unique?  Learn about it! The Earth has four major subsystems, namely: The atmosphere, The geosphere, The hydrosphere, and The biosphere. Earth  Each subsystem interacts with the other subsystems. The interaction between these subsystems makes many processes on Earth possible.  Learn about it! The Atmosphere The atmosphere makes up of all the gases on Earth. The atmosphere has different layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Layers of the atmosphere  Learn about it! The Geosphere Geosphere comes from the Greek word geo which means ground. Internal structure of Earth  Learn about it! Layers of the Geosphere Crust This is the outermost layer, and is solid. Mantle This is the middle layer, and its upper layer is more fluid than its lower layer. Core This is the innermost layer, and its outer layer is liquid, while its inner layer is liquid.  Learn about it! The Hydrosphere It is composed of all water on Earth in any form: water vapor, liquid water, and ice. It is comprised of 97.5% saltwater and 2.5% freshwater. The hydrosphere consists of 97.5% saltwater.  Learn about it! The Biosphere It includes all the organisms on Earth and their interrelations. Biosphere consists of all living things including the microorganisms.  Key Points Atmosphere includes the gases, and has five distinct layers. Geosphere includes the ground, and has three distinct layers. Hydrosphere includes all of the watery environments on the planet. Biosphere includes all the planet’s living organisms that interact with each other.  Bibliography Botkin, Daniel B and Edward A Keller. 2011. Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hefferan, Kevin and John O’Brien. 2010. Earth Materials. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. NASA. “International Cooperation.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/cooperation/index.html. NASA. “Astronaut Requirements.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Astronaut_Requirements.html. Prothero, Donald R and Robert H. Dott, Jr. 2010. Evolution of the Earth. New York: McGraw-Hill.  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J and Frederick K. Lutgens. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. United States Geological Survey. “Precipitation: The Water Cycle.” Last modified December 2, 2016. Accessed February 8, 2017. http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleprecipitation.html. University of Colorado Boulder. “Biogeochemical Cycles.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040209/https://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL1070/chap 04/chapter4.html. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. “Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere.” https://scied.ucar.edu/atmosphere-layers. University of Michigan’s Global Change Courses. “A Goddess of the Earth? A Debate over the Gaia Hypothesis.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/Gaia/index.html. Utah State University. “Trees and Climate Change.” Accessed April 4, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2783&context=extension_curall. Lesson 3.3 Earth's Climate System  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow (S11/12ES-Ia-e-4).  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Differentiate between weather and climate. Explain how Earth’s subsystems interact and affect the climate system.  Have you ever noticed that there are weather patterns that are common during particular months? What causes the changes in Earth’s climate?  Try it! Warm-Up A Picture of You Choose one of the photos provided. With your group, analyze the picture and list down two parts of the ecosystem that are components of the four major subsystems of Earth. Learn about it! Weather Climate short-term changes long-term patterns  Learn about it! Several factors that affect climate, thus leading to constantly-changing conditions. Some of these include the following: greenhouse gases the hydrosphere soil and vegetation topography the biosphere  Learn about it! Greenhouse Gases These are gases that trap heat. Examples are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O,) and ozone (O3) The Greenhouse effect  Learn about it! The Hydrosphere It influences the climate system by storing and transporting large amounts of energy. The oceans act as climate regulator because they strongly influence the Oceans absorb the majority of temperature changes. sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface.  Learn about it! Soil and Vegetation It affects climate by controlling how much energy received from the sun is returned to the environment. Soil moisture greatly affects surface temperature because the evaporation of water from the soil requires energy. Soil and vegetation can affect climate.  Learn about it! Topography The topography or the description of the surface feature of the land affects the wind that blows on the land surface. The surface features of the land, also has an effect on climate  Learn about it! Biosphere The biosphere affects climate through photosynthesis and respiration. Plants have a significant effect on climate.  Key Points Several factors affect an area’s climate the four spheres, in particular, have a huge effect. Atmospheric condition is affected by the greenhouse gases present, especially water vapor. The hydrosphere influences climate by storing and releasing huge amounts of energy in the oceans.  Key Points Topography affects the climate by acting as physical barriers for clouds and storms. Photosynthesis can affect the climate system by absorbing carbon dioxide and providing oxygen.  Bibliography Botkin, Daniel B and Edward A Keller. 2011. Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hefferan, Kevin and John O’Brien. 2010. Earth Materials. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. NASA. “International Cooperation.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/cooperation/index.html. NASA. “Astronaut Requirements.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Astronaut_Requirements.html. Prothero, Donald R and Robert H. Dott, Jr. 2010. Evolution of the Earth. New York: McGraw-Hill.  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J and Frederick K. Lutgens. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. United States Geological Survey. “Precipitation: The Water Cycle.” Last modified December 2, 2016. Accessed February 8, 2017. http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleprecipitation.html. University of Colorado Boulder. “Biogeochemical Cycles.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040209/https://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL1070/chap 04/chapter4.html. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. “Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere.” https://scied.ucar.edu/atmosphere-layers. University of Michigan’s Global Change Courses. “A Goddess of the Earth? A Debate over the Gaia Hypothesis.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/Gaia/index.html. Utah State University. “Trees and Climate Change.” Accessed April 4, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2783&context=extension_curall. Lesson 3.4 The Biogeochemical Cycles  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow (S11/12ES-Ia-e-4).  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Identify some of the biogeochemical processes that take place on Earth. Describe the movement of matter such as water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in their respective cycles.  How do plants take carbon dioxide and water from its environment then return it in the form of oxygen and carbon- based materials? The Earth has multiple cycles of energy and matter that affect many of its subsystems. Some of these cycles even affect multiple subsystems at the same time.  Learn about it The Hydrologic Cycle The movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to land and back to the ocean is called the water or hydrologic cycle. The water cycle  Learn about it Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle Evapotranspiration Precipitation 1 liquid water to gas 3 the release of water from clouds 2 Condensation the formation of clouds  Learn about it Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle Evapotranspiration 1 liquid water to gas Learn about it Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle 2 Condensation the formation of clouds Learn about it Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle Precipitation 3 the release of water from clouds  Learn about it The Nitrogen Cycle It refers to the transference and conversion of nitrogen across many forms.  Learn about it The Nitrogen Cycle Both organisms and natural processes (like lightning) play a role in the nitrogen cycle. Lightning plays a role in the nitrogen cycle  Learn about it Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation Ammonification 1 atmospheric to usable nitrogen 3 nitrogen releases as ammonia after decomposition Nitrification Denitrification 2 ammonia/ammonium to 4 nitrogen returns to the nitrite/nitrates atmosphere  Learn about it Carbon and Oxygen Cycle It includes the photosynthesis and respiration of organisms, as well as some natural processes. The carbon and oxygen cycle  Learn about it Carbon and Oxygen Cycle The most well known among these are respiration in animals and photosynthesis in plants. Respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.  Key Points The biogeochemical cycles transfer elements and compounds between the four spheres. Water, carbon, and the nitrogen cycles are important biogeochemical processes that describe how the substance is transported through each sphere.  Bibliography Botkin, Daniel B and Edward A Keller. 2011. Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hefferan, Kevin and John O’Brien. 2010. Earth Materials. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. NASA. “International Cooperation.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/cooperation/index.html. NASA. “Astronaut Requirements.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/postsecondary/features/F_Astronaut_Requirements.html. Prothero, Donald R and Robert H. Dott, Jr. 2010. Evolution of the Earth. New York: McGraw-Hill.  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J and Frederick K. Lutgens. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. United States Geological Survey. “Precipitation: The Water Cycle.” Last modified December 2, 2016. Accessed February 8, 2017. http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleprecipitation.html. University of Colorado Boulder. “Biogeochemical Cycles.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040209/https://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL1070/chap 04/chapter4.html. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. “Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere.” https://scied.ucar.edu/atmosphere-layers. University of Michigan’s Global Change Courses. “A Goddess of the Earth? A Debate over the Gaia Hypothesis.” Accessed April 3, 2018. https://globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/Gaia/index.html. Utah State University. “Trees and Climate Change.” Accessed April 4, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2783&context=extension_curall.