Biology Practical Questions: Spotting (PDF)

SPOTTINGS **Part B- Spotting** **For Each spot,** **Identification....1/2 mark** **Any 3-4 relevant points....1/2 mark** **A (Name of plant/flower and floral adaptation characters at least 2)** **Spot A -- Maize flower -- wind pollination (Anemophily)** **Floral adaptation in Maize for wind p...

SPOTTINGS **Part B- Spotting** **For Each spot,** **Identification....1/2 mark** **Any 3-4 relevant points....1/2 mark** **A (Name of plant/flower and floral adaptation characters at least 2)** **Spot A -- Maize flower -- wind pollination (Anemophily)** **Floral adaptation in Maize for wind pollination (Anemophily)** 1. **Flowers are unisexual and protandrous and known as anemophilous. Flowers are small inconspicuous, non-attractive without color, odor and nectar.** 2. **Perianth is reduced to two lodicules** 3. **Stamens are extrorse and exserted. Anthers are versatile and produces tiny light weight and dry dust like pollen grains.** **OR** 1. **Bisexual and attractive flowers with bright colored petals** 2. **Nectar and nectar glands are present in flower in such a way that insects body parts will definitely touch the anther and stigma** 3. **Flower shows Bi-lipped corolla** **Spot A- Emasculation -- A step in hybridization technique** 1. **Removal of the young anthers of stamens in the plant selected as female parent having bisexual flower, well before anthesis.** 2. **Stamens are removed mechanically by forceps /hot water treatment. Emasculation is done to prevent self-pollination.** **OR** **Spot A- Bagging and Tagging -- A step in hybridization technique** 1. **Emasculated flowers are bagged in polythene bags or sterile paper bags to prevent pollination by foreign pollens.** 2. **Tag is tied to the bag. The tag carries the brief information about the names of selected parent varieties and the day date and time of anthesis, emasculation and actual crossing**  **Spot B-Rate of Transpiration by Four leaf experiment -- shows plant physiology** 1. **Leaf A -- Petroleum jelly is applied on both the surfaces- Due to Petroleum jelly there is prevention of water loss through transpiration hence the cells in the leaf will remain turgid and continue to be fresh** 2. **Leaf B- Petroleum Jelly is applied on lower surface only -- Closing pores from low er surface will lead less transpiration and respiration and photosynthesis** 3. **Leaf C- Petroleum jelly is applied on upper surface only -upper surface of leaf get blocked with photosynthesis, gaseous exchange and transpiration** 4. **Leaf D-Petroleum jelly is not applied -- Leaf show transpiration with both surfaces naturally hence become dry** **OR** **Spot B- Imbibition of seed/Raisins -- Physiological experiment** 1. **The raisins soaked in water show change in their volume showing swollen structure and they become soft.** 2. **Imbibition is adsorption of water or any other solvent without forming a solution. The different hydrophilic substances present in plant cells or cell wall imbibe water.** **OR** **Spot B- Physiological experiment showing Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography** 1. **The separation of solutes (chloroplast pigments) is based on the liquid-liquid partitioning of pigments in paper chromatography. The partitioning takes place between the solvent(water) molecules (static phase) adsorbed to the cellulosic matter of the paper (capillary action) and organic (mobile) phase** 2. **The separation of chloroplast pigments by paper chromatography shows result with chloroplast extract spot. the first pigments appear from spot is Chlorophyll 2 B with yellow green color followed by chlorophyll 2A with blue green color, Xanthophyll with yellow color and Carotene with Bright orange colour.** 1. **Non succulent wild shrub.** 2. **The leaves and young branches covered by a mealy coating with hairs acting as insulating cover** 3. **Leaves are thick and leathery** **4)Plant posseses latex** 1. **Non succulent xerophyte** 2. **Bipinnately compound leaves with small leaflets to reduce transpiration** 3. **Stipules are modified into spines to reduce transpiration and also to protect plant against marauding/grazing animals** **OR** 1. **It is succulent xerophyte** 2. **Flattened jointed, green stem is known as phylloclade. It shows photosynthesis because the leaves are modified into spines** 3. **Phylloclade possesses water storage tissue.** 4. **Bristles /Trichomes provide protection against grazing animals** **OR** 1. **Submerged hydrophyte growing under water** 2. **Poorly developed adventitious roots in fresh water.** 3. **Slender stem without mechanical tissues hence it limps when taken out of water** 4. **Thin, membranous leaves lack cuticle and stomata** 5. **Entire plant is covered by mucilage that protects it from rottening effect of water** **OR** **Eichhornia (Water Hyacinth)- Morphological adaptation in plants from Aquatic habitat** 1. **Free floating hydrophyte grows in fresh water ponds, lakes** 2. **Short spongy stem with Aerenchyma tissues that stores air** 3. **Swollen spongy petiole present leaves. Waxy coating to cuticle to prevent wetting and rottening** 4. **Adventitious roots produced in clusters acts as balancer. They show root pockets** **OR** **Typha(cattail) - Morphological adaptation in plants from Aquatic habitat** 1. **Amphibious and anchored hydrophyte grows in marshy or shallow water** 2. **Stem is rhizome with adventitious roots** 3. **Leaves are long, linear, soft, spongy thick and sub-cylindrical. They also show aerenchyma tissues** 4. **Presence of mechanical tissues in leaves** **D (Name of slide and histological features)** **Spot D: Histological slide T.S. Mammalian Testis** **1) Show presence of Tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules** **2) Tunica albuginea is the cover on testis made up of fibrous connective tissues** **3) Seminiferous tubules are lined by cuboidal germinal epithelial cells. The different stages of Spermatogenesis lie Spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and Sperms. Pyramidal shaped cells are nurse cells known as Sertoli cells nourishes sperms till maturation.** **E (Name of syndrome, Chromosomal conditions, symptoms in individual)** **Spot E: Human Karyotype Syndrome- Turner's Syndrome** 1. **X monosomy/X0 Females is a sex chromosomal disorder due to non-disjunction of chromosome during formation of egg.** 2. **Individual born with Turner's Syndrome has 44 autosomes with X0. Phenotypically female** 3. **SYMPTOMS-They show short stature, webbed neck, lower posterior hairline, broad shield like chest, poorly developed ovaries and breast and low intelligence** **OR** **Spot E: Human Karyotype Syndrome-Klinefelter's Syndrome** 1. **XXY males. It is a chromosomal disorder caused due to extra X-chromosome in males(44+XXY) Sterile individual.** 2. **SYMPTOMS- They are described as feminized male. Extra chromosome is a result of non-disjunction of X-chromosome during meiosis in the formation of Ovum. Such individual is Male with overall masculine development** 3. **Voice pitch is Harsh and has underdeveloped Testis. They are tall with long arms, showing feminism i.e., developed breast known as Gynecomastia and no spermatogenesis.** **OR** **Spot E: Human Karyotype Syndrome -- Down's syndrome** 1. **This syndrome is caused due to an extra copy of chromosome number 21^st^. Instead of homologous pair this individual shows Trisomy on 21^st^ number of chromosomes** 2. **This occurs due to non-disjunction or failure of separation of chromosomes during gamete formation. Mostly Mothers above 45 years old shows this incidence.** 3. **SYMPTOMES- Individual show mild or moderate mental retardation, poor skeletal development.** 4. **Facial features with small head, small ears and small mouth. Flat face, Flat nose, open mouth and protruding tongue, flat hands and stubby fingers, broad palm with single palmer crease, slant up eyes out with internal epicanthal fold** **F (Name of disease-causing agent, name of disease, symptoms of disease)** **Spot F-Disease causing agent Plasmodium (Disease- Malaria)** 1. **Plasmodium vivax is an intracellular, blood parasite in human and other vertebrates which causes malaria** 2. **The life history of Plasmodium is completed in Two hosts, partly in definitive host, the man and partly in an intermediate host, the female Anopheles mosquito.** 3. **SYMPTOMS- Fever, shivering, caused by release of hemoglobin arthralgia, vomiting, anemia, hemoglobinuria, retinal damage and convulsions.** 4. **Classic symptom of Malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever, sweating, lasting for 4-6hrs, occurring at of 48 hrs. or every 2 days.** **OR** **Spot F- Disease causing agent Entamoeba histolytica (Disease-Amoebiasis)** 1. **It is a parasite in the large intestine of man. It occurs in three stages a) Trophozoite b) Pre-cystic stage c) Cystic stage** 2. **Trophozoite causes disease. Its cytoplasm is differentiated into ectoplasm and endoplasm.** 3. **SYMPTOMS- Entamoeba histolytica causes Amoebiasis in man. Trophozoite present in mucosa and submucosal layer of intestine.** 4. **It causes amoebic dysentery, abscess in liver, lungs and brain** 5. **Common symptoms are the passing out of stool with blood and mucous, Abdominal pain, nausea, irregular bowl movements.** **OR** **Spot F- Disease causing agent Ascaris lumbricoides (Disease-Ascariasis)** 1. **Also known as giant intestinal round worm, is one of the soils transmitted nematode** 2. **Elongated cylindrical body, creamy, white or pinkish in color. Sexes are separate, Male is shorter than female with curved posterior end. Female is about 35cm long** 3. **SYMPTOMS- Vague abdominal pain, in severe cases, restlessness, weight loss, anorexia, intermittent stool and occasional vomiting. Whooping cough, dyspnea and sub sternal discomfort.** **OR** **Spot F- disease causing agent, Microsporum audounii / Trichophyton spp. /Epidermophyton (Disease-Ringworm)** 1. **Microsporum audounii is commonly called ringworm. The fine mycelium of the fungus occurs in between the breaks in the dermis** 2. **Infects hair, feeds on keratin. Hyphal growth causes dermatomycosis** 3. **SYMPTOMS- Red ring patches on skin** 4. **Intense itching and scaly skin** **G (Meiosis 1-stage name, chromosomal appearance)** **G (Meiosis 2-stage name, chromosomal appearance)** **Spot G Meiosis Stage (Any 1)** **Meiosis 1** **Kayokinesis 1** **Prophase 1** **Leptotene- Slender chromosomes in chromatin network. Long beaded threads** **Zygotene-Show synapsis. Chromosomes are called Bivalent or Tetrad** **Pachytene- Exchange of genetic material takes place in two non-sister chromatids of bivalent by chiasmata** **Diplotene- After crossing over, homologous chromosomes start repelling from each other but remain attached at chiasmata** **Diakinesis- Terminalization. Shifting of chiasmata towards the end of chromatid takes place.** **Metaphase 1- Bivalent chromosomes are with their arms towards the equator and centromere toward the pole** **Anaphase 1- Tactile fibers start condensing. Separation and dragging of homologous chromosomes towards opposite poles** **Telophase 1- Chromosomes reach at opposite poles. Nucleolus reappears. Nuclear membrane gets developed around each set of chromosomes, forming new daughter nuclei** **Cytokinesis 1- Two daughter cells formed are having single, haploid nucleus each** **Meiosis 2- Karyokinesis 2 and cytokinesis 2** **Karyokinesis 2** **Prophase 2- Prominent chromosomes, shorter and thicker. Nucleolus and nucleolar membrane disappear** **Metaphase 2- Chromosomes get arranged at equatorial plane at the right angle to the previous division. Spindle formation takes place** **Anaphase 2-Tactile fibers starts condensing become shorter pulling daughter chromosomes towards opposite poles** **Telophase 2 Daughter chromosomes reaches opposite poles. Reappearance of nucleolus and NB and formation of two daughter nuclei** **Cytokinesis 2- Forms four daughter cells with haploid information each** **H (Animal Name, Habitat, adaptation characters)** **Spot H- Morphological adaptation for xeric(desert) habitat** **Camel (Camelus spp.) - Morphological adaptation of Animal found in Xeric habitat** 1. **It is xerocoles animal adapted to desert conditions. It can tolerate wide ranges of temperature fluctuations** 2. **Excretes concentrated urine in order to conserve water** 3. **Fat accumulation in hump for prevention of inward flow of heat** 4. **Camel can close its nostrils to stop blowing sand from entering nostrils. Eye lashes protects from sand** 5. **Flat wide feet help to walk easily over soft sand. Drinks 100lit water in 10 mints which enough for a month** **OR** **Spot H-Morphological adaptation in xeric (desert) habitat** **Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp.)- Morphological adaptation of Animal found in Xeric Habitat.** 1. **It is xerocoles rodent, nocturnal in habit to avoid day heat** 2. **It seals burrows during daytime to prevent loss of moisture** 3. **It obtains metabolic water and has the ability to derive hygroscopic water from dry seeds which it eats** 4. **It neither sweats nor pant to keep itself cool** **OR** **Spot H- Morphological adaptation in animal from aquatic habitat** **Fresh water fish Rohu (Labeo rohita)-Morphological adaptation of Animal found in Aquatic Habitat.** 1. **Laterally compressed streamlined body in order to minimize resistance of water and thus to reduce friction with water** 2. **Presence of gills for respiration that helps in exchange of gases in water.** 3. **Fins for swimming and caudal fin acts as steering during swimming.** 4. **Body covered with scales to prevent osmotic entry of water into the body** **OR** **Spot H-Morphological adaptation in animal from aquatic habitat Dolphin (Delphinus spp.)- Morphological adaptation of Animal Found in Aquatic Habitat.** 1. **It is a mammal and not fish** 2. **Streamlined, smooth and furless body to reduce friction** 3. **Beak like snout, nostrils near top of the head, facilitates easy breathing when animal reaches the water surface for breathing** 4. **Flippers can control for steering, slowing and going up and down.** **I (slide name, Ovule parts and function)** **I (Brain part and its function)** **Spot I- V.S. Of Anatropous Ovule** 1. **It is also known as inverted ovule. It shows two main parts- body and funicle** 2. **The body shows two integuments originating from base of ovule to the Tip of ovule that appears with Micropyle** 3. **The integuments enclose fertile, diploid cells called Nucellus. Towards Micropylar end only one fertile cell is located Known as Megaspore mother cell; that finally develops into female gametophyte.** **OR** **Spot I- Frontal Lobe of Brain** 1. **Motor area controls voluntary motor activities/ muscle movements. Premotor area is for involuntary movements and ANS.** 2. **Association area for coordination between sensation and movement. Broca's area/motor speech area, it translates thoughts into speech** 3. **Expression of emotions, intelligence, willpower, memory, personality areas are located into frontal lobe** **Spot I-Parietal Lobe of Brain** 1. **This is mainly for for somesthetic sensation of pain, pressure, temperature, taste(gustatoreceptor)** **Spot I- Occipital Lobe of Brain** 1. **They have visual area mainly for sense of vision** **Spot I-Temporal Lobe of Brain** 1. **It contains centers for smell (olfactory), hearing (auditory), speech, and emotions** **Spot I-Cerebellum -Hind brain** 1. **It is the second largest part of the brain. It shows gyri and sulci.** 2. **It is an important center which maintains equilibrium of body, posture, balancing, orientation, moderation of voluntary movements, maintenance of muscle tone** **Spot I- Spinal cord -Hind brain** 1. **Medulla oblongata is the posterior conical part of the brain and continues as spinal cord. It has inner grey and outer white matter.** 2. **It controls involuntary vital functions like heartbeat, respiration, vasomotor activities and peristalsis.** 3. **It also controls non vital reflex activities like coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, yawning** **Spot I-Olfactory Bulb-Cerebral cortex/cerebral** **Hemisphere/cerebrum** 1. **A largest part of brain ,making up 85%of total brain.** 2. **Area of contact between Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital is center for Wernicke's area or intelligence center.** 3. **In cerebrum all three types Sensory, Motor, and association areas are present** 4. **The basal ganglia or nuclei of cerebrum receives neurotransmitters from various parts. They help the cortex in the execution of activities at the subconscious level i.e. writing slow or rapid typing.** **J (Name type of genetic trait pedigree chart, inheritance of trait and features)** **Spot J- Rolling Tongue -Pedigree chart of genetic trait** 1. **Tongue rolling inwards in U shaped.** 2. **Inability to roll the tongue is caused by autosomal recessive allele. Homozygous recessive are unable to roll the tongue.** 3. **Both homozygous dominants and heterozygous individuals are able to roll the tongue** **Spot J- Widow's Peak- Pedigree chart of genetic trait** 1. **It is a V-shaped hairline across the forehead.** 2. **It is dominant autosomal trait.** 3. **Both homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals have widow's peak.** 4. **Homozygous recessive individuals have straight hairline** **Spot J- Human Blood group- Pedigree chart of genetic trait** 1. **ABO system of classification** 2. **The gene I (iso agglutinogen) controls the ABO blood groups** 3. **It has three alleles IA, IB, And I. Each individual posseses only two alleles out of three.** 4. **Allele IA and IB are codominant.** **Spot J-Color Blindness- Pedigree chart of genetic trait** 1. **It is sex linked/ X-linked recessive disorder of humans** 2. **Due to recessive gene present on X chromosome, color sensitive cone cells are not formed. This results in red-green color blindness.** 3. **It is more common in male than females.** 4. **It show crisscross inheritance.**