Plant Pollination Adaptations Quiz

Spotting Part B

• Identification: Crucial for correctly identifying each spot.

• Relevant points: Any 3-4 points are sufficient for 1/2 mark. At least 2 floral adaptations must be named.

• Spot A - Maize flower - wind pollination (Anemophily): Identifying floral adaptations for wind pollination.

• Unisexual and protandrous: Flowers have separate male and female parts, and the male part matures before the female.

• Small, inconspicuous, non-attractive: Flowers lack colour, scent, and nectar to attract pollinators.

• Perianth reduced to two lodicules: The flower's protective outer covering is minimized.

• Stamens extrorse and exserted: Anthers are positioned outward and extend beyond the flower structure.

• Tiny light weight and dry pollen grains: Pollen is easily dispersed by wind.

• Spot A - Salvia flower - insect pollination (Entomophily): Identifying floral adaptations for insect pollination.

• Bisexual and attractive flowers: Flowers with showy appearance.

• Brightly colored petals: Attracts insects.

• Nectar and nectar glands: Provides a food source for pollinators.

• Flower shows bi-lipped corolla: Shape of the flower to guide/direct insects to the reproductive parts.

Spot A - Emasculation Technique

• Hybridization step: This process removes the anthers to prevent self-pollination.
• Removal of young anthers: From the stamen in the female plant.
• Timing: Done before anthesis.
• Mechanism: Used forceps or hot water treatment.

Spot A - Bagging and Tagging

• Hybridization step: This prevents unwanted pollination.
• Polythene bags or sterile paper bags: used to prevent pollination.
• Tagging: A tag with details (parent varieties, date, time of emasculation and actual crossing).

Spot B- Rate of Transpiration

• Four leaf experiment: Different ways petroleum jelly is applied affects transpiration rate.
• Leaf A: Petroleum jelly on both sides.
• Leaf B: Petroleum jelly on the lower side only.
• Leaf C: Petroleum jelly on the upper side only.
• Leaf D: No petroleum jelly applied.

Spot B- Imbibition of seed/Raisins

• Physiological experiment: Observing water absorption by seeds and raisins.
• Change in volume/swelling: Water causes the raisins to swell.
• Imbibition definition: Adsorption of water or other solvents that doesn't form a solution into substances.
• Plant cells or cell walls absorb water.

Spot C - Paper Chromatography

• Separation of Pigments: This technique separates chloroplast pigments by liquid-liquid partitioning.
• Chloroplast Extract: The technique uses this to yield results with different coloured/shaded pigments.
• Chlorophyll B (yellow-green)
• Chlorophyll 2A (blue-green).
• Xanthophyll (yellow)
• Carotene (bright orange)

Spot C - Morphological Adaptations in Xerophytic Plants

• Calotropis procera: Non-succulent wild shrub, leaves and young branches covered by mealy coating. Leaves are thick and leathery. Possesses latex
• Acacia arabica: Non-succulent xerophyte, bipinnately compound leaves, stipules modified into spines.
• Opuntia dillenii: Succulent xerophyte, flattened jointed green stem. Modified leaves into spines. Phylloclade possesses water storage tissue. Bristles and trichomes offer protection.

Spot C - Morphological Adaptations in Aquatic Plants

• Hydrilla: Submerged hydrophyte, poorly developed adventitious roots, thin, membranous leaves (lack cuticle and stomata).
• Eichhornia: Free-floating hydrophyte, short, spongy stem with aerenchyma tissues, swollen spongy petiole. Waxy coating prevents wetting. Adventitious roots form clusters.
• Typha: Amphibious and anchored hydrophyte, stem is rhizome, adventitious roots.

Spot D - Histological Slide T.S. Mammalian Testis

• Tunica albuginea: Fibrous connective tissue coating.
• Seminiferous tubules: Lined with cuboidal germinal epithelial cells.
• Spermatogonia: The different stages of spermatogenesis are visible.
• Spermatocytes: Primary and secondary.
• Spermatids and Sperms: Pyramidal-shaped Sertoli cells nourish.

Spot E - Human Karyotype

• Turner's Syndrome (X monosomy/X0):
• Sex chromosomal disorder due to non-disjunction during egg formation.
• 44 autosomes and X0.
• Typically female phenotype.
• Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY):
• Sex chromosomal disorder (extra X chromosome in males).
• Sterile
• Feminized male phenotype.
• Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21):
• Caused by non-disjunction during gamete formation.
• Extra copy of chromosome 21.
• Moderate mental retardation.
• Poor skeletal development.
• Symptoms include short stature, webbed neck, and broad chest.

Spot F - Disease Causing Agents and Symptoms

• Plasmodium: Causes Malaria -
• Intracellular parasite in blood.
• Life cycle involves human and mosquito hosts.
• Symptoms include fever, shivering, and vomiting.
• Entamoeba histolytica: Causes Amoebiasis -
• Parasite in the large intestine.
• Symptoms include dysentery, abscesses in various organs, and abdominal discomfort.
• Ascaris lumbricoides: Causes Ascariasis -
• Soil-transmitted nematode.
• Symptoms: Vague abdominal pain, weight loss in severe cases

Spot F - Disease Causing Agents and Symptoms - continued

• Microsporum audounii/Trichophyton spp.: Causes Ringworm -
• Fungus infecting hair, affecting the dermis.
• Symptoms: Red ring patches, itching, scaly skin.

Spot G - Meiosis Stages

• Detailed stages of Meiosis I and II (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis of each phase)
• Explains the characteristics of each stage including chromosomes appearance and behaviour.

Spot H - Morphological Adaptations for Xerophytic Habitats

• Camel: Xerocoles, adaptations for desert conditions (including temperature fluctuations). Fat accumulation in humps. Nostrils close to prevent heat loss. Wide feet/feet are wide for traveling on sand. Conserves water via concentrated urine excretion.
• Kangaroo rat: Nocturnal, to avoid day heat. Seals burrows during day: Prevents moisture loss. Obtains metabolic water from dry seeds.
• Freshwater fish (Rohu): Streamlined body, gills for respiration, fins for swimming - adaptations for movement and respiration, and protection from water damage.
• Dolphin: Mammal and not fish *Streamlined body, no fur (prevents friction in the water), *beak-like snout (*facilitates breathing)

Spot I - Brain and Ovule Parts

• Frontal/Parietal/Occipital/Temporal Lobes of Brain: Describes functions for each lobe of the brain (Sensory, Visual, Auditory, Speaking, Movement, Cognition, Memory)
• Spinal Cord: Posterior of the brain; controls internal organs. (involuntary processes)
• Olfactory Bulb: Describes its position in the brain, and role in processing odors.
• Anatropous Ovule: Structure of the ovule, including body, funicle, integuments and micropyle.

Spot J - Genetic Traits and Pedigree charts

• Tongue Rolling: Dominant trait (ability to roll tongue)
• Widow's Peak: Dominant trait (hairline)
• Blood Groups (ABO): Multiple alleles, co-dominance
• Color blindness: Recessive X-linked disorder affecting red/green colour vision.