Biomolecules - Proteins PDF
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This document provides an overview of proteins, including their structure, functions, and roles in various biological processes. It details different types of proteins, their functions in catalysis, structural support, movement, defense, regulation, and transport. The document also discusses essential and non-essential amino acids and their roles in protein synthesis.
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PROTEINS Biological Molecules Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules. Made up of amino acids (C, H, O, N) Proteins Play wide variety of functions to sustain life. ❑ Catalysis (enzymes) ❑ Structural roles (collagen, silk fibroin, elastin)...
PROTEINS Biological Molecules Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules. Made up of amino acids (C, H, O, N) Proteins Play wide variety of functions to sustain life. ❑ Catalysis (enzymes) ❑ Structural roles (collagen, silk fibroin, elastin) ❑ Movement (actin and myosin) ❑ Défense and immunity (immunoglobulins) ❑ Regulation (hormones) ❑ Transport (hemoglobin, myoglobin, ferritin) ❑ Gene regulation (histones) Catalysis ⚫Enzymes ⚫Biological catalysts – speed up chemical reactions oLipase oAmylase oLactase oProtease ⚫Molecular Biology oPolymerase oLigase Catalysis Structural Roles Structural proteins ❑ Keratin – hair and nails ❑ Collagen – supports ligaments, tendons, and skin ❑ Silk – cocoons and spider webs Movement Muscle contraction ❑ Actin and myosin make up muscle fibers ❑ Allow cell components to move from place to place Defense and Immunity Antibodies ❑ Combat bacteria and viruses Regulation Hormones Insulin ❑ regulates the amount of glucose in the blood and in cells ❑ Human growth hormone – its presence determines the height of an individual Transport Channel and carrier proteins in the cell membrane ❑ Allows substances to enter and exit the cell ❑ Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood Proteins Rubisco Structure: ❑ monomer = amino acids ❑ 20 different amino acids polymer = polypeptide hemoglobin ❑ large & complex molecules ❑ complex 3-D shape growth hormones Protein Quality Complete proteins Incomplete proteins ❑ Contain 9 essential ❑ Low in one or more amino acids essential amino acid ❑ Usually animal ❑ Usually plant sources source are complete are incomplete, proteins; eggs, meat, beans, nuts, grains fish, dairy 20 amino acids present in nature. Essential – (or essential amino acids) are the building blocks your body needs but cannot make on its own. Nonessential – (or non-essential amino acids) are the ones your body can produce on its own. Conditionally essential – cannot be synthesized due to illness or lack of necessary precursors.