Biomolecules PDF

BIOMOLECULES What chemical substance is associated with the following pictures? Biomolecules ▪ Large organic molecules that are normally present as essential components of living organisms. ▪ Building blocks of life BIOMOLECULES 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC...

BIOMOLECULES What chemical substance is associated with the following pictures? Biomolecules ▪ Large organic molecules that are normally present as essential components of living organisms. ▪ Building blocks of life BIOMOLECULES 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS 1. CARBOHYDRATES -organic molecules made up of C, H and O. -important source of energy of many organisms including humans.  What do you think carbohydrates do in our body? Functions 1 Provide Energy 2 Precursor of other biomolecules 3 Storage – energy reserve 4 Part of Nucleic Acid Structure 5 Component of Cell membrane (with lipids) 6 Various cell-cell & cell-molecule recognition processes (with proteins) 1. CARBOHYDRATES Classified into the number of sugar compounds in their molecules. a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. oligosaccharides d. Polysaccharides Classification Monosaccharide – smallest and the building block. - contains only one unit of polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone. They are soluble in water Disaccharide – two monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic bond. They are also soluble in water Oligosaccharide – three to ten monosaccharides. Commonly found in conjugated biomolecules. Polysaccharide – hundreds to thousands of units a. Monosaccharides -simplest carbohydrates -monomer for carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are also called saccharides​, derived from the Latin word saccharum​, which means sugar. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are classified by: (A) Number of carbon atoms Name Formula Triose C3H6O3 Tetrose C4H8O4 Pentose C5H10O5 Hexose C6H12O6 Heptose C7H14O7 Octose C8H16O8 Retrieved from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/12740 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides can be classified by: (B) Functional Group aldose: contains an aldehyde group ketose: contains a ketone group Simplest Aldose & Ketose ALDEHYDE VS KETONE  Aldehyde or Ketone? 1. 2. 3. A. MONOSCCHARIDES Examples of monosaccharides: 1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose GLUCOSE Also called dextrose (D-glucose) and blood sugar ▪ Found in large quantities throughout the living world ▪ Primary fuel for living cells ▪ Its dietary sources include starch & disaccharides, lactose, maltose, and sucrose -Glucose is the most abundant monossacharide FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE Necessary to synthesized lactose, glycolipids, certain phospholipids, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. Found in some plants and in dairy products.  Galactose a simple sugar that is normally transformed in the liver before being used up as energy. crucial for human metabolism, with an established role in energy delivery and galactosylation of complex molecules. Although galactose is not considered an essential nutrient in general, it could be conditionally essential in infants in the context of rapid gr owth. known as the brain sugar. B. DISACCHARIDES -formed when two monosaccharides are linked together. - disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides combine, with water as the other product of the reaction. This reaction joins two monosaccharides and loses water. B. DISACCHARIDES SUCROSE Commonly called table sugar, cane sugar, and beet sugar. Produced in the leaves and stems of plants. Contain both glucose and fructose residues linked through glycosidic bond between both anomeric carbons.  Sucrose provides your body with the energy required to perform physical and mental functions. They found that individuals who consumed sucrose increased their energy intake, body weight, fat mass, and blood pressure. crystallised white sugar produced by the sugar cane plant and can be found in households and foods worldwide. Negative side of Sucrose: Sucrose, or table sugar, may add sweetness to your favorite treats, but when it comes to your health, it's not so sweet. LACTOSE Also called as milk sugar A disaccharide composed of one molecule of galactose linked through the OH group on C1 in a β-glycosidic linkage to the OH of C4 of a molecule of glucose  Lactose a type of sugar, naturally found in milk and dairy products. Negative side of Lactose: People with lactose intolerance are unable to fully digest the sugar (lactose) in milk. As a result, they have diarrhea, gas and bloating a fter eating or drinking dairy products. MALTOSE Also called malt sugar An intermediate product of starch hydrolysis. A disaccharide with an glycosidic linkage between two glucose molecules. Maltose During digestion, starch is partially transformed into maltose by the pancreatic or salivary enzymes called amylases; maltase secreted by the intestine then converts maltose into glucose. Maltose is one of the main sources of glucose. Glucose is a crucial nutrient since it is used chiefly in energy metabolism. Glucose and maltose will raise blood glucose levels most rapidly of all the sugars and therefore increases insulin secretion. Whereas fructose will have the least effect on glucose and insulin, but it will raise triglyceride levels.” C. Oligosaccharides Carbohydrates that contain th ree to ten monosaccharides Arrangement of these monosaccharide in the oligosaccharide determines the blood type of a person. D. Polysaccharides - long chains of monosaccharide units. -also called complex carbohydrates. -is a polymer of monosaccharides - Similar to disaccharides, the monosaccharides are linked through glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides. Starch STARCH Starch is the principal food reserve in plants - polymers of α-D- glucose units Glycogen Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in animals bush-like with α(1→6) branch points Every 8 - 12 glucose residues for glycogen Cellulose Summary : Carbohydrates classified into the numbers of sugar : -Monossacharides simplest carbohydartes or sugar -example of monossacharides : Glucose, Fructose, Galactose -Dissacharides two or monossacharides -example of disccacharides : Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose -Oligossacharides three to tem mono -determines the blood type of a person -Polyssacharides hundreds to thousand units of mono -under poly are : Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin 2. LIPIDS -Lipids are large, nonpolar biomolecules. -They are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. -includes fats, oils some vitamins and hormones -functions as energy storage and as part of cell membrane - Unlike proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, lipids do not have repeating basic structure. Fatty Acids -essential components of some lipids -long chained carboxylic acids that have an even number of carbon atoms. 2. LIPIDS Saturated Fatty Acids -fatty acid chains that have predominantly single bonds. -solid at room temp LIPIDS Unsaturated Fatty Acids -has one or more double bonds -liquid at room temp 2. LIPIDS TRANS FAT -raises Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) -decreases High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) -increases risk of having type 2 diabetes 2. LIPIDS Waxes- are lipids that are produced by both plants and animals. Structurally, they are also related to the triglycerides because of the presence of fatty acids. 2. LIPIDS Waxes are lipids that are composed of a fatty acid with a long chain of alcohol. These are nonpolar substances that have many different functions in the organisms that produce them.  Protective Coating Lipids: Biological Waxes ❖ A monoester lipid that contains one fat ❖ Due to this very long chain of hydroph ty acid (C14 to C36) esterified to an alco obic hydrocarbon, waxes are highly ins hol (C16 to C30) oluble in water that serves its function as water-repellent Beeswa x FA – C16 ROH - Carnauba W C30 ax (C30) from Brazilian pal Hydrocarbo m tree n chain at C31 in spina Apple skin is rich in C27 ch and C29 i -C29 hydrocarbon chain n cabbage 2. LIPIDS Phospholipids are lipids that contain phosphate groups and are biologically very important molecules. 2. LIPIDS A phospholipid is composed of a phosphate “head” which is hydrophilic, and a fatty acid “tail” which is hydrophobic. 2. LIPIDS -Steroids are lipids without fatty acid chains. -They are built from the basic four-ring steroid structure, composed of three six- membered ring and a five-membered ring. Some steroids have hydroxyl groups that help balance their solubility in water. Messenger Lipids: STEROID HORMONES Hormone – a biochemical structure produced by ductless gland that serves as means of communicatio n Sex hormones - controls reproduction and Adrenocorticoid hormones - it regulates numerous b secondary sex characteristics. iochemical processes in the body. 1. Estrogens- the female sex hormones. 1. Mineralocorticoids - controls the balance of Na+ a 2. Androgens- the male sex hormones. nd K+ ions in cells and body fluids. 3. Progestins- the pregnancy hormones. 2. Glucocorticoids - controls glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation. 2. LIPIDS Functions of Lipids 1. Source of energy 2. Protective coating of organisms 3. The cell membrane is made up of a ​phospholipid bilayer​. 4. Serves as hormones and vitamins 3. PROTEINS Proteins are biomolecules composed of amino acid units. Proteins are essential in organisms because of their diverse functions. 3. PROTEINS There are 20 common amino acids found in proteins, and these are known as the essential amino acids. 3. PROTEINS Comprise about 50% of our body weight Most structurally complex polymer Helps in biochemical reactions Helps our immune system Helps in digestion of food Blood clotting Delivery of oxygen Body activity regulation Functions of Proteins Transport Proteins A lot of proteins are also classified as transport proteins which carry small particles, such as food Hemoglobin, a protein in quaterna and waste, to different ry structure, is a respiratory pigme nt parts of the body. Protein Functions Structural These are responsible for the strength and The cuticle of insect exoskeleton is made shape of certain up of both chitin and protein. structures in the body. Protein Functions Antibodies An antibody is a protein molecule produced by the immune system to fight off pathogens. Antibodies Protein Functions Receptors Receptors are proteins that receive signals from other sources, and these signals are usually in the form of chemicals and compounds. 4. Nucleic Acids -Biopolymers usually found in the cell’s nucleus -made up of a) 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) b) Phosphoric acid molecule c) Nitrogenous base  ANd9GcRQEwGRIahzOxS5-wUrWCqS46Ox1ukjTfIEnpGEn57MafsaOjEByCchi4M0 Nucleic acids Function: – Provide our genetic information – Holds the instructions to make proteins. Elements: C-H-O-N-P Monomer : nucleotides – A nucleotide is made up of: Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP Energy c Geneti arrier c code! Recipe f or protei ns