Biology Chapter: Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

  • Regulation of blood glucose
  • Sparing proteins for energy usage
  • Providing energy
  • Production of hormones (correct)

    • Disaccharides are formed by combining three monosaccharides.

    False

    What is the general formula for polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers?

    (C6H10O5)n

    The simplest form of carbohydrates is known as a ________.

    <p>monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrates with their corresponding type:

    <p>Glucose = Monosaccharide Sucrose = Disaccharide Starch = Polysaccharide Lactose = Disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when two monosaccharide units combine to form a disaccharide?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is primarily used as an energy source in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one common name for a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose.

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?

    <p>A, G, C, U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purines contain one ring structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lipids?

    <p>Energy storage, chemical messaging, and membrane formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sugar present in DNA is called ______.

    <p>deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fatty acids with their characteristics:

    <p>Saturated Fatty Acids = Only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids = At least one double bond in hydrocarbon chain Essential Fatty Acids = Cannot be synthesized by the body Nonessential Fatty Acids = Can be synthesized by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA primarily do?

    <p>Store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both DNA and RNA are double helix structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a function of cholesterol in the body.

    <p>Formation of cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipid is formed by the esterification of fatty acids with glycerol?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Waxes are classified as simple lipids and are composed of high molecular weight monohydroxy alcohols.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a characteristic of compound lipids.

    <p>They possess additional groups and are esters of fatty acids with alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ are derived lipids that do not contain fatty acids and are non-saponifiable.

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid is amphipathic in nature?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of lipids with their characteristics:

    <p>Triglycerides = Solid fat at room temperature Phosphoglycerides = Found in membranes Carotenoids = Colored red or yellow Glycolipids = Contain carbohydrates with no phosphoric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphoglycerides contain nitrogenous bases as one of their components.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are derived lipids?

    <p>Substances derived from simple and compound lipids through hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized in the human body?

    <p>Essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during protein denaturation?

    <p>Disruption of the protein's molecular shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure of a protein is formed by the linkage of amino acids through __________ bonds.

    <p>peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary structure = Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Secondary structure = Regular pattern orientations like alpha helix and beta pleated sheet Tertiary structure = Three-dimensional conformation of a protein Quaternary structure = Interaction of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is NOT an essential amino acid?

    <p>Alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrolysis of proteins involves the formation of peptide bonds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nucleotides?

    <p>Building blocks of nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are not primarily used for structural support.

    • Disaccharides are formed by combining two monosaccharides.

    • The general formula for polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers is (C6H10O5)n.

    • The simplest form of carbohydrates is known as a monosaccharide.

    • Monosaccharide examples include:

      • Glucose
      • Fructose
      • Galactose

    • Disaccharide examples include:

      • Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
      • Lactose (glucose + galactose)
      • Maltose (glucose + glucose)

    • Polysaccharide examples include:

      • Starch
      • Glycogen
      • Cellulose

    • The process where two monosaccharide units combine to form a disaccharide is called dehydration synthesis.

    • Cellulose is primarily used for structural support in plants, not as an energy source in humans.

    • A common name for a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose is sucrose.

    Nucleic Acids

    • The nitrogenous bases found in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

    • Purines contain two ring structures.

    Lipids

    • The main function of lipids is energy storage.

    • The sugar present in DNA is called deoxyribose.

    • Saturated fatty acids:

      • Have no double bonds
      • Are solid at room temperature
      • Examples: Palmitic acid, Stearic acid

    • Unsaturated fatty acids:

      • Have one or more double bonds
      • Are liquid at room temperature
      • Examples: Oleic acid, Linoleic acid

    • DNA primarily functions to store and transmit genetic information.

    • Both DNA and RNA are not double helix structures. RNA is a single-stranded helix.

    • A function of cholesterol in the body is to regulate membrane fluidity.

    • The type of lipid formed by the esterification of fatty acids with glycerol is triglycerides.

    • Waxes are classified as simple lipids and are composed of high molecular weight monohydroxy alcohols and long-chain fatty acids.

    • A characteristic of compound lipids is that they contain additional components, such as phosphate, nitrogenous bases, or carbohydrates, in addition to fatty acids and glycerol.

    • Steroids are derived lipids that do not contain fatty acids and are non-saponifiable.

    • Phospholipids are amphipathic in nature.

    • Phospholipid characteristics include:

      • They form the structural basis of cell membranes.
      • They are composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group.
      • They are amphipathic.

    • Sphingolipids characteristics include:

      • They are important components of cell membranes.
      • They contain a sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol.
      • Examples: Cerebrosides, gangliosides.

    • Derived lipids are lipids derived from other lipids.

    • Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be obtained from the diet.

    • Secondary structure refers to the three-dimensional shape of a protein, which is determined by hydrogen bonding between amino acid residues.

    • Protein denaturation involves the disruption of the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of a protein, leading to a loss of its function.

    • The primary structure of a protein is formed by the linkage of amino acids through peptide bonds.

    • Primary structure: The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

      • Example: The amino acid sequence of insulin is known.

    • Secondary structure: The local folding of the polypeptide chain into alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

      • Example: The alpha-helix in keratin, a protein found in hair and nails.

    • Tertiary structure: The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein.

      • Example: The globular shape of hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in the blood.

    • Quaternary structure: The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein.

      • Example: The four subunits of hemoglobin, each containing a heme group that can bind to oxygen.

    • Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine are the twenty standard amino acids.

    • The primary function of nucleotides is to carry genetic information, act as coenzymes, and participate in energy transfer.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on carbohydrates and nucleic acids with this quiz. Explore their structures, functions, and key differences that are essential for biological processes. Questions cover topics from glucose polymers to the roles of RNA and cholesterol.

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