Biomolecule - General Biology 1 PDF

BIOMOLECULE JOSE MARI P. DETERA, LPT General Biology 1 Learning Outcomes Enumerate the different types of biomolecules; Appreciate its importance in our everyday life.  are biological molecules produced by the cells of the living organism.  They are critical for...

BIOMOLECULE JOSE MARI P. DETERA, LPT General Biology 1 Learning Outcomes Enumerate the different types of biomolecules; Appreciate its importance in our everyday life.  are biological molecules produced by the cells of the living organism.  They are critical for life as it helps organisms to carry out basic biological processes such as reproduction, growth and sustenance.  Molecular Biology – The study of structure and functioning of biological molecules. Macromolecule – “giant molecule” TYPES: 1 CARBOHYDRATES 2 PROTEINS 3 AMINO ACIDS 4 LIPIDS 5 NUCLEIC ACIDS TYPES: 1 CARBOHYDRATES  CARBOHYDRATES Most abundant molecules of life; Energy source; Add an image here. Plants produce them in C abundance photosynthesis; and by H Consists of carbon, O The brain is the only carbohydrate- dependent organ in the body. hydrogen and oxygen (CHO).  CARBOHYDRATES: Roles ENERGY SOURCE Sugars (glucose) Add an image here. Starch (plants), ENERGY STORAGE Glycogen (Animals) Cellulose (plant STRUCTURAL UNIT fiber), Chitin (exoskeleton) CARBOHYDRATES: Types CARBOHYDRATES Add an image here. SIMPLE COMPLEX MONOSACCHARIDES OLIGOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES  MONOSACCHARIDE  Building blocks of more complex carbohydrates molecule. Add an image here. GLUCOSE: “BLOOD SUGAR” FRUCTOSE: “FRUIT SUGAR” GALACTOSE: “BRAIN SUGAR”  DISACCHARIDE  Two monosaccharides combined. SUCROSE: “TABLE SUGAR” Add an image here. (GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE) LACTOSE : “MILK SUGAR” (GALACTOSE + GLUCOSE) MALTOSE: “MALT SUGAR” (GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE)  OLIGOSACCHARIDE  Complex carbohydrates consists of three to ten monosaccharides combined Add an image here. RAFFINOSE (GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE+GALACTOSE) Ex. beans, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains  POLYSACCHARIDE  Complex carbohydrates rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Add an image here. STARCH GLYCOGEN Plant carbohydrate Animal starch CHITIN CELLULOSE Exo-skeleton Plant cell wall TYPES: 2 PROTEINS  PROTEINS What is its chemical formula? Building blocks of life Add an image here. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON) some Proteins are necessary for growth, tissue repair, immune function, with sulfur and making essential hormones and enzymes, energy, and preserving phosphorus (CHONPS) lean mass.  PROTEINS: Functions ANTIBODY It bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body.  PROTEINS: Functions MESSENGER It transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between diff. Cells, tissues and organs.  PROTEINS: Functions TRANSPORT/STORAGE Bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.  PROTEINS: Functions STRUCTURAL Are necessary components of your body. These proteins are stringy and provide support. TYPES: 3 AMINO ACIDS  AMINO ACIDS What is its chemical formula? Building blocks of protein Connected by peptide bonds Add an image here. to form long chain of protein. There are 20 standard amino acids, 11 of those are non- Your body uses them to make new proteins, such as muscle and bone, essential and 9 are and other compounds such as enzymes and hormones. It can also essential. use them as an energy source.  AMINO ACIDS: Types  Essential amino acids – comes from food  Non-essential amino acids – naturally produced by our body  ENZYMES Comprise most of the proteins in living cells; Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of metabolic reactions; and Functions of enzymes are greatly influenced by the chain structure of the protein molecule.  ENZYMES Denaturation – change in chain structure by breaking of peptide bonds: (Peptide bonds link amino acids together in proteins) – caused by heat, pressure and acidity. Factors affecting activity of Enzymes Temperature pH concentration of the enzyme and substrate Collision or contact between the molecules of the enzyme and  ENZYMES Catalyst A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being changed or used up during it. (they are reusable)  ENZYMES A different enzyme is needed for almost every chemical reaction in your body. A single enzyme can catalyze thousands or more reactions a second.  ENZYMES: Examples Remember, enzymes usually end in suffix -ase. Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction. ENZYMES  ENZYMES: Examples Lipase: breaks down lipids Catalase: breaks Hydrogen Peroxide down into water and oxygen. Protease: breaks down proteins. Sucrase: breaks down sucrose. Amylase: in human saliva, breaks down starch (amylose).   Metabolic Pathway Sequence of chemical reactions occurring in a cell; Enzymes work together  Cofactors Chemical substances that assist many enzymes for chemical reaction to take place. Cofactors are metallic ions that are not proteins. Ex. iron, manganese and zinc  Coenzyme Organic molecules acting as cofactors. Ex. NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide)  Metabolic Pathway  Catabolic pathways (Catabolism) – breakdown or digestion of large molecules, releases energy. Anabolic pathways (Anabolism) – synthesis of larger molecules by joining smaller molecules, requires energy.  Enzyme Substrate Complex Combination when the active site interacts with the substrate; Each enzyme has an active site which is the part of the molecule that a substrate binds to; and A substrate is a reactant that binds to the active site of an How does the substrate binds? The active site of an enzyme is specific to its substrate; and The active site is typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein. How does the substrate binds? ENZYMES  MODELS OF ENZYME ACTION Lock and Key Model Proposed by Emil Fischer in 1899 The active site of an enzyme bears a specific conformation that complements the substrate precisely so that the substrate fits a particular site in a manner that’s similar to a lock and key. MODELS OF ENZYME ACTION Lock and Key Model by Emil Fischer  MODELS OF ENZYME ACTION Induced Fit Model - Proposed by Daniel Koshland in 1958 - The active site of an enzyme is not a precise fit for the substrate. Instead, when exposed to a substrate, the active site undergoes a structural change to improve binding. MODELS OF ENZYME ACTION Induced Fit Model by Daniel Koshland  INHIBITION Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that interact in some way with an enzyme to prevent it from working in the normal manner. Ex. poisons and drugs  INHIBITION The 2 types of inhibitors are: 1. Competitive 2. Non-competitive  TYPES OF INHIBITORS 1. Competitive - The competitive inhibitor binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding there.  TYPES OF INHIBITORS 2. Non-competitive - Binds to a different site on the enzyme; it doesn't block substrate binding, but it causes other changes in the enzyme so that it can no longer catalyze the reaction. TYPES: 4 LIPIDS  LIPIDS Largely hydrocarbons Dissolve in nonpolar substances and have partial or complete They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones. Having too insolubility in water much of some lipids is harmful.  TYPES OF LIPIDS LIPIDS TRIGLYCERIDES SPHINGOLIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS STEROIDS  (1) TRYGLYCERIDES  Body’s main energy reservoir  It stores unused calories and provide your body with energy.  made up of one glycerol backbone and three fatty acids  Fats and Oils  (1) TRYGLYCERIDES Fats  saturated fatty acid molecules  solid at room temperature  obtained from animal sources  (1) TRYGLYCERIDES Oils  unsaturated fatty acid molecules  liquid at room temperature  obtained from plant sources  (2) SPHINGOLIPIDS  complex lipids made up of sphingosine linked through a complex polar head to one long fatty acid chain.  they were discovered in brain extracts in the 1870s  primarily located in nerve cell membranes  Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids (interaction) found in the cell membranes of  (3) PHOSPHOLIPIDS  have a phosphate base groups replacing one of the fatty acids in a triglyceride.  the basis of the phospholipid bilayer of all biological membranes.  The main function of phospholipids is to act as a barrier in the cell.  the cell, the phospholipids form a bilayer which allows some molecules to pass through and (3) PHOSPHOLIPIDS  (4) STEROIDS  have similar solubility properties as lipids but are not fatty acids or esters;  common basic structure is the steroid nucleus. The steroid nucleus (core structure) is called gonane (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene).  (4) STEROIDS  Steroids reduce redness and swelling (inflammation). This can help with inflammatory conditions such as asthma and eczema.  Steroids also reduce the activity of the immune system, which is the body's natural defense against illness and infection.  (4) STEROIDS  Testosterone – primary androgen hormone;  Estrogen – promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body;  Cortisone – released in response to stress; decreases your body's natural defensive response and reduces symptoms such as swelling and allergic-type reactions; Acts as a precursor to cortisol and has anti- inflammatory properties; TYPES: 5 NUCLEIC ACIDS  NUCLEIC ACIDS informational molecules that carry the code of life blueprints for proteins, thus ultimately controlling the life of a cell The two nucleic acids used in the repair, reproduction, and protein synthesis are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) NUCLEIC ACIDS  NUCLEIC ACIDS: Types Types of Nucleic Acids  DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)  RNA (ribonucleic acid)  NUCLEOTIDES  building blocks of nucleic acids; and  chemical messengers, energy carriers and subunits for nucleic acids and coenzymes Consists of:  Pentose sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose)  Phosphate  Nitrogen bases (Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine) NUCLEIC ACIDS  DNA  “Deoxyribonucleic acid”- double helix in shape  Consist of deoxyribose as its sugar  Located in the chromosomes in the nucleus with a little found in the mitochondria and in chloroplasts  Carry the genetic message  RNA  “Ribonucleic Acid”- single strand in shape  Consist of ribose as its sugar  Nitrogen bases is Adenine-Uracil, Guanine- Cytosine  Provides mechanism for translating DNA language into the language of protein biosynthesis  Short-lived messenger (messenger RNA) and carrier (transfer RNA) of amino acids to the ribosomes  DID YOU LEARN SOMETHING?