Biomolecules, Carbohydrates & Lipids PDF

BIOMOLECULES: A Molecular Menu of Life ENERGY FLOW IN CELLS How will you differentiate organic and inorganic compounds?  The primary difference between organic vs. inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon....

BIOMOLECULES: A Molecular Menu of Life ENERGY FLOW IN CELLS How will you differentiate organic and inorganic compounds?  The primary difference between organic vs. inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Also, nearly all organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds. 1.Salt (NaCl) Inorganic 2.Water (H2O) Inorganic 3.Sugar (C6H12O6) Organic 4.Muriatic Acid (HCl) Inorganic 5.Linoleic Acid (C18H32O2) Organic 6.DNA Organic 7.Alanine (C3H7NO2) Organic Why is CARBON so special among elements? Carbon atoms have the unique ability to bond to other elements in a variety of ways due to its valence electrons. Carbon can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms.  BIOMOLECULES Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acid Review of the biological levels of organization monomer VS polymer Polymers A polymer is a long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks (monomers) linked by covalent bonds.  METABOLISM Chemical reactions in the body that convert food into energy. Catabolism Anabolism  Catabolism In catabolic reactions, these biomolecules are broken down to release energy. Process involves the Breakdown of polymer into monomer. breakdown of Breakdown of food in the stomach for the nutrients to molecules to release be absorbed into the blood vessels. energy  Anabolism In anabolic reactions, our bodies use simple chemicals and molecules to synthesize (or build) a vast array of products and substances, such as biomolecules. Process requires and Cell production, where cells multiply to increase tissues consumes energy to (or organ) size. allow the building Production of hormones necessary for certain organs to perform their functions. processes to proceed. Anabolism or Catabolism A 1. Using sunlight to create glucose from carbon dioxide and water. C 2. Converting toxic ammonia into less harmful substances. C 3. Breaking down damaged cellular components through self-degradation A 4. Developing antigens for the immune response. THE FOUR MAJOR BIOMOLECULES Macromolecule BUILDING BLOCK Function(s) (Polymer) (Monomer) Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Storage form of energy Basic structure and function of cell Protein Amino acid (body) Fatty acids & glycerol Storage form of energy to meet Lipids long term demands Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Carries the genetic materials CARBOHYDRATES Most abundant of all organic compounds and well– known as a great source of energy. Element present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) Monomer (building block): monosaccharides (glucose) Polymer: polysaccharides (starch, cellulose and glycogen) Examples: fruits, bread, vegetables, rice and pasta.  TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES SUMMARY TABLE TYPE EXAMPLE/S MONOSACCHARIDE Single Sugar Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose DISACCHARIDE 2 Monosaccharide Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose Large molecules Starch, Cellulose, Chitin and POLYSACCHARIDE 3 monosaccharide Glycogen Monosaccharide Simple sugars with only one sugar unit They are identified based on the number of carbon atoms they are made up of. Highly soluble in water Building blocks of complex sugars. EXAMPLES ✓ Diose – 2 carbon atoms ✓ Triose – 3 carbon atoms ✓ Pentose – 5 carbon atoms ✓ Hexose – 6 carbon atoms Pentose Sugars Disaccharides: are complex sugars made up of two monosaccharides joined together through a process called condensation reaction. They are identified based on the number of carbon atoms they are made up of. Highly soluble in water Building blocks of complex sugars. EXAMPLES ✓ Sucrose – Table Sugar ✓ Maltose – root crops ✓ Galactose – Milk Sugar  catabolism Hydrolysis “water added” monosaccharide monosaccharide disaccharide Dehydration synthesis “water removed anabolism FORMATION OF DISACCHARIDES Glucose + Glucose = Maltose Malt (germinated barley that has been baked and ground) contains maltose; hence the name malt sugar.) FORMATION OF DISACCHARIDES Glucose + Galactose = Lactose Lactose is an important ingredient in commercially produced infant formulas that are desi gned to stimulate mother`s milk. FORMATION OF DISACCHARIDES Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose Sucrose, common table sugar, is the most abundant of al l disaccharides and occurs throughout the plant kingdom. Polysaccharides complex sugars made up of chains or branches of monosaccharides formed by condensation reaction. Polysaccharides are capable of acting as energy storage or structural molecules as parts of cell structures. Starch and Glycogen are examples of storage polysaccharides. Cellulose and Chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides. TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES Starch Carbohydrates reserve Cellulose of plants Found in the cell wall of the plants. GIVES US FIBER! Glycogen Chitin Main polysaccharide of structural polysaccharid the body; Stored in e in outer coverings of liver crustaceans, mushroom s and spider web. Cellulose is a carbohydrate found among? A. Animals B. Humans C. Plants C Which of the following is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) A. Glucose B. Lactose C. Starch A LIPIDS Biomolecule containing chains of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are made up of carbon and hydrogen and are insoluble in water.  LIPIDS Long-term energy storage; serves as insulation of your body and makes up the cell membrane. Water insoluble (hydrophobic) Element present: C, H, O Monomer (building block): glycerol and 3 fatty acids Do NOT include true polymers, and they are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules by some sources. Examples: oils, steroids, phospholipids waxes, and fats. LIPID STRUCTURE Elements present are C, H, O Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen - HYDROCARBONS  TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS A fatty acid is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid. Understanding dietary fats saturated fats unsaturated fats Contains only a single bond in the Mostly known as oils, contain one fatty acid chain. or more double bond in the fatty acid chain Understanding dietary fats saturated fats unsaturated fats Found in animal fats such as those in pork and Commonly found in plants (olive oils, beef. Also found in butter, lard, cream, cheese, coconut oils, and corn oils) and some processed food. Normally liquid at room temperature Solid in nature Clog the lining of blood vessels and block the flow of blood when consumed in high amounts. Circulatory disorders such as high BP and heart attack  Generally known as fats, contain a glycerol attached to three Types of LIPIDS fatty acids. The body’s most concentrated source of energy. TRIGLYCERIDES Types of LIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPID Cell/Plasma Membrane is essential to the structure and function of the cell. Thus, the characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer are important in fatty acid maintaining the function of plasma membrane Types of LIPIDS It has four fused carbon rings. There are different types of steroids according to the functional group attached to their carbon skeleton. Helps in regulating metabolism, immune response, reproduction, and other essential biological processes. Examples: Cholesterol, male and female sex hormones. STEROIDS STEROIDS When cholesterol hardens in the blood vessels, it can either hamper or block the flow of blood, causing a medical problem: Cholesterol Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body. STEROL Steroid alcohol Formation usually happens in major organs such as the brain and blood vessels.  Lipoprotein is like a bus Get Tested Cholesterols are like passengers LIPOPROTEIN – FAT PROTEINS High-Density Lipoprotein – good cholesterol – picking up excess cholesterols from tissues to bring them back to the liver. Low-Density Lipoprotein – bad cholesterol – high cholesterol  Remember! The most important to remember regarding lipids is to balance your intake of them or take lipid-rich food in moderation. Excess sugars in your body can also be converted to fats. If you are not physically active, these fats remain unused for long time, hence increasing your body weight. STEROIDS Sex Testosterone – development, and maintenance of male secondary sexual hormones characteristics Progesterone and Estrogen – controlling the ovulation cycle. Other Adrenocoticoid Hormones hormones glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal androgens.  Types of LIPIDS Are esters (carboxylic acids derivatives), combined from certain alcohols and fatty acids. Waxes Found everywhere in nature, as these are used by organisms, such as waterproofing functions and for protection.  Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of LIPIDS 9massengale Dehydration Synthesis Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains Fatty Acid Chain Glycerol Condensation links the fatty acids to Glycerol Hydrolyze the lipid below. Which lipids are found as protective coatings on the leaves of plants and the skin of some animals? A. Cholesterol B. Waxes C. Triglycerides B The cell surface membrane consists of a bilayer made of what? A. Phospholipid B. Lipoprotein C. Fatty acid A Lipoproteins like HDL and LDL play a role in transporting which type of lipid in the bloodstream? A. Triglyceride B. Steroids C. Cholesterol C Good or bad fats Divide the following foods into good fats or bad fats Good fats Bad fats Tofu Peanut butter Red meat Fried foods Avocados Dairy products Nuts Lard Cookies Ice-cream Fatty fish Hydrogenated vegetable oil Any Questions?