Biomechanics Exam Study Guide PDF

Biomechanics Exam Study guide: 1. Frontal plane: adduction abduction, anteroposterior axis of rotation 2. Sagittal plane: flexion, extension, mediolateral axis of rotation 3. Transverse plane: rotational movements, longitudinal axis of rotation 4. Hip Joint: femur acetabular joint: ball...

Biomechanics Exam Study guide: 1. Frontal plane: adduction abduction, anteroposterior axis of rotation 2. Sagittal plane: flexion, extension, mediolateral axis of rotation 3. Transverse plane: rotational movements, longitudinal axis of rotation 4. Hip Joint: femur acetabular joint: ball and socket: all three planes of motion: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction 5. The hip is more stable than the shoulder because it is a better fit with stronger ligaments and stronger muscles 6. What movements of the femur are facilitated by pelvic tilt? The pelvis tilts posteriorly: flexion, the pelvis tilts anteriorly: extension, laterally: abduction 7. The hip iliacus and psoas major assisted by pectineus, rectus femoris, Sartorius and tensor fascia latae are.... Flexor muscles at the hip 8. Gluteus maximus and hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) are... extensor muscles at the hip 9. The hamstring muscles are biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus 10. Glutes Medius and gluteus minimus are... abductor muscles at the hip 11. Adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis assisted by gracilis are the... adductor muscles of the hip 12. Knee joint is aka: tibiofemoral joint 13. Patellofemoral joint: acts like a pully, makes it easier for quads to exert force on tibia so you can extend at the knee (improves mechanical advantage of the knee extensors by as much as 50%) 14. Menisci: shock absorbers, cartilaginous discs, articulates the tibia and femur 15. Major ligaments in the knee: collateral and cruciate ligaments 16. Collateral ligament -- cross the medial and lateral aspects of the knee 17. Cruciate ligaments: cross each other in connecting the anterior and posterior aspects of the knee to prevent twisting 18. Anterior cruciate ligament: originates on anterior part of the tibia and inserts on posterior part of femur, prevents the tibia from sliding further anteriorly 19. Posterior cruciate ligament: originates on the posterior part of the tibia and inserts on the anterior part of the femur, preventing the tibia from sliding further posteriorly 20. If you wanted to damage the lateral collateral ligaments which direction would the force come from? From a medial direction 21. Popliteus allows us to stand for a long period of time it unlocks the fully extended knee by laterally rotating the tibia to allow flexion to proceed 22. Why should you lock your knees when standing for a long period of time? It can cause vasovagal syncope (reduced blood flow to the brain) 23. Hamstring muscles assisted by gracilis, sartorius, popliteus and gastrocnemius do what? Contribute to flexion at the knee 24. Quadricep muscles: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius 25. What is the tibiotalar joint: the ankle 26. Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius assisted by extensor hallucis longus do what? Dorsiflexion at the ankle 27. Gastrocnemius and soleus assisted by tibialis posterior, plantaris, peroneus longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus brevis, and flexor digitorum longus do what? Plantar flexion at the ankle 28. What are plantar fascia? Thick bands of fascia that cover the plantar aspects of the foot 29. What is plantar fasciitis? First ten steps in the morning tend to be painful 30. Why are lateral ankle injuries more common than medial ankle injuries? On the medial side you have the deltoid ligament that has fibers that move in almost all planes of motion, the lateral side has three small ligaments that only move in certain plains so they are much more common 31. What is the function of the spine: protects spinal cord, permits certain movements, base of support, link between upper and lower extremities 32. What are the 5 regions of the spinal column? Cervical (7)l, thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral, coccygeal 33. 4 curvatures: cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral coccygeal kyphosis 34. What do you call an accentuated curve in the spine? Hyper kyphosis (hunchback) 35. What do you call a decrease in the curvature of the spine? Hypo lordosis 36. What types of movements can the vertebrae do? Flexion, extension, rotation, circumduction, abduction, adduction, gliding, all three planes of motion 37. What is largely responsible for the type of movement allowed at a vertebrae: orientating of the facets 38. Nucleus pulposus (located in the center except in lumbar lies slightly posterior) 39. Lifting and twisting at the same time is the best wat too\... injure a disc (herniation) 40. Disc herniations: discs generally do not herniate straight as the PLL is in the way 41. What makes disc herniations less serious? Posterior ligament protects canal 42. Where do 95% of disc herniations occur? Lumbar region 43. What are the four ligaments in the spinal cord: supraspinous, anterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavum, and posterior longitudinal ligament 44. Atlas C1 Axis C2, dens AKA odontoid 45. 50% of the ability to flex and extend your neck comes from... atlas (C1) 46. 50% of your ability to rotate is from... C1 on top of C2 47. How to identify cervical vertebrae: elephant, canal is less circular, have holes in transverse processes (transverse foramen), spinous process is bifid (splits at the end), are oriented in all three planes of motion and have the most ROM 48. How to identify thoracic vertebrae: giraffe, costal facets, superior articular facet in frontal plane (can't flex and extend well) 49. How to identify lumbar: moose, facets are in sagittal plane -- good for flexion and extension 50. Intervertebral foramen: hole where spinal nerves exit created by one vertebrae sitting on top of another 51. Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine 52. What is the range for intradiscal loads? 294N-3332N 53. What does compression at the disk cause? The fibers change their shape and position 54. What is the transverse ligament: helps control C1 on C2, stabilizes and allows nodding 55. Matching: whiplash: acceleration deceleration injury, Bulging/herniated disc: hyperextension injury (seen in lower lumbar spine, symptoms tend to be one sided), spinal stenosis: pressure on a nerve where you get symptoms bilaterally (saddle peristesia), intervertebral foraminal encroachment: symptoms tend to be unilateral because bone is growing in foramen, spondylolisthesis: vertebrae sliding forward on another vertebrae, ankylosing spondylitis: inflammatory disorder where ligaments turn to bone (usually seen in young males, strong genetic component), Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine 56. Hangman's fracture: through the pars region of usually C2 57. Jefferson's fracture: specific to C1 (don't dive headfirst) 58. Seatbelt fracture: thoracic region (put your arm over the seatbelt)