Biology SBQ 1 flash cards.pdf

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and have three layers: an outer Describe the role of arteries in the circulatory layer of...

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and have three layers: an outer Describe the role of arteries in the circulatory layer of connective tissue, a middle layer of system. smooth muscle, and an inner layer of endothelial tissue. Capillaries are microscopic vessels with walls How do capillaries facilitate the exchange of that are only one cell thick, allowing for easy substances in the body? diffusion of materials and wastes between the blood and body cells. Veins are the largest blood vessels that carry Define veins and their function in the oxygen-poor blood back to the heart, circulatory system. featuring thinner walls than arteries and often containing valves to prevent backward flow. Valves in veins are tissue flaps that prevent Explain the importance of valves in veins. the backward flow of blood, ensuring that blood moves efficiently back to the heart. Skeletal muscle contraction helps keep blood How does skeletal muscle contraction assist moving in veins by exerting pressure that in blood circulation? pushes blood toward the heart.  The heart is a hollow, muscular organ made Describe the structure and function of the of cardiac muscle that pumps oxygenated heart. blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The endothelial layer in arteries is thicker to What is the significance of the endothelial withstand the higher pressure of blood being layer in arteries? pumped from the heart. A pacemaker is a group of cells in the heart Define a pacemaker in the context of the that generates electrical impulses to regulate heart. the heartbeat. Exercise positively affects the circulatory How does exercise, such as lifting weights, system by improving blood flow, increasing affect the circulatory system? heart efficiency, and enhancing overall cardiovascular health. A red blood cell is a type of blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and What is a red blood cell and its function? returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs.  Plasma is the liquid component of blood that Explain the role of plasma in the blood. carries cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Muscle contraction refers to muscle cells or Describe the process of muscle contraction in fibers shortening in response to stimuli, which relation to blood circulation. aids in the movement of blood through veins. A capillary is a tiny blood vessel where the What is a capillary and its primary function? exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between blood and tissues. A platelet is a small cell fragment in the blood Define a platelet and its role in the circulatory that plays a crucial role in blood clotting and system. wound healing. Breathing movements create a squeezing How does breathing affect blood flow in pressure against veins in the chest, which veins? helps to force blood back to the heart.  Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized What is atherosclerosis? by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, which can restrict blood flow. The heart is divided into four sections called Describe the four sections of the heart. chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The right and left atria receive blood returning How do the atria and ventricles function in to the heart, while the right and left ventricles the heart? pump blood away from the heart. The septum is a strong muscular wall that Define the role of the septum in the heart. separates the left side of the heart from the right side. Valves separate the atria from the ventricles What is the function of the heart valves? and ensure that blood flows in one direction.  The heart beats in two phases: first, the atria fill with blood and contract to fill the How does the heart beat? ventricles; second, the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. The pacemaker, or sinoatrial (SA) node, is a Explain the role of the pacemaker in the group of cells in the right atrium that sends heart. signals causing both atria to contract. The atrioventricular (AV) node receives What is the function of the atrioventricular signals from the pacemaker and causes both (AV) node? ventricles to contract. Pulse is the alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall caused by the Describe what pulse is and how it is contraction of the left ventricle, measured by measured. counting the number of times the artery in the wrist pulses. Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure What is blood pressure and how is it exerted against vessel walls by blood, measured? measured using a sphygmomanometer.  Systole is the contraction of the heart that Define systole and diastole in relation to raises blood pressure to its highest point, blood pressure. while diastole is the relaxation of the heart that lowers blood pressure to its lowest point. The top number represents systolic pressure, What do the two values in a blood pressure and the bottom number represents diastolic reading represent? pressure. How many times does the heart pulse in a The heart pulses about 70 times each minute. minute? Blood flow through the body consists of two Describe the two different circulatory loops in different circulatory loops: the systemic blood flow. circulation and the pulmonary circulation. The first loop involves blood traveling from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. Deoxygenated blood flows from the right Describe the first loop of blood circulation. atrium to the right ventricle, then into the pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs for gas exchange.  Oxygen enters the blood in the lungs where it How does oxygen enter the blood during diffuses from the air in the lungs into the circulation? blood in the capillaries. The second loop involves blood being pumped from the heart through the body and Define the second loop of blood circulation. back. Oxygenated blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle, then into the aorta and throughout the body. Oxygen is released from the blood into the What happens to oxygen in the body cells? body cells by diffusion. How does carbon dioxide move in the Carbon dioxide moves from the body cells circulatory system? into the blood by diffusion. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to body parts, removes waste Describe the functions of the circulatory products like carbon dioxide, carries disease- system. fighting materials, contains clotting components, and helps regulate body temperature.  Plasma is the liquid medium of blood, making up more than 50% of its volume. It carries What is plasma and its role in blood? glucose, fats, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products. How much of plasma is water? About 90% of plasma is water. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, Define the components of blood. platelets, and white blood cells. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, What is the role of platelets in the blood? helping to prevent excessive bleeding. The circulatory system distributes heat How does the circulatory system help throughout the body, which helps to regulate regulate body temperature? body temperature.  Red blood cells carry oxygen to all body cells Describe the function of red blood cells. and contain hemoglobin, which binds with oxygen molecules. How do red blood cells develop and what is Red blood cells develop in the bone marrow their lifespan? and have a lifespan of 120 days. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds with oxygen Define hemoglobin and its role in the blood. molecules to transport oxygen to the body's cells. Platelets are cell fragments that play a crucial Summarize the function of platelets in the role in forming blood clots by collecting at blood. wound sites and releasing chemicals that produce fibrin. Fibrin is a protein that weaves a network of What is fibrin and how does it contribute to fibers across a cut, trapping blood platelets blood clotting? and red blood cells to form a clot.  White blood cells are the body's disease Explain the role of white blood cells in the fighters, recognizing and attacking disease- immune system. causing organisms and producing chemicals to combat invaders. White blood cells have nuclei, live for months How do white blood cells differ from red blood or years, and are fewer in number compared cells in terms of structure and lifespan? to red blood cells. The ABO blood group system consists of four blood types: A, B, AB, and O, determined by Define the ABO blood group system. the presence of specific markers on blood cells. If a person receives an incompatible blood What happens if a person receives an transfusion, their antibodies will recognize the incompatible blood transfusion? foreign markers and cause the red blood cells to clump together. Knowing your blood type is crucial for safe Describe the importance of knowing your blood transfusions, as it determines which blood type for transfusions. blood types you can receive without causing clumping.  Antibodies in plasma recognize and react How do antibodies in plasma relate to blood against red blood cells with foreign markers, types? leading to clumping if incompatible blood types are mixed. The Rh blood group is important for blood Explain the significance of the Rh blood transfusions and pregnancy, as it can lead to group. complications if Rh-positive blood is given to an Rh-negative person. Clumping of blood cells can block blood flow, Describe the dangers of blood cell clumping. which can be dangerous. The Rh factor is a marker on red blood cells Define the Rh factor and its significance that can cause complications during during pregnancy. pregnancy if an Rh-positive fetus's blood mixes with an Rh-negative mother's blood. If a mother has made anti-Rh antibodies from a previous pregnancy, these antibodies can How can anti-Rh antibodies affect a cross the placenta and destroy red blood cells subsequent pregnancy? of an Rh-positive fetus in a subsequent pregnancy.  Atherosclerosis is the condition of blocked Describe atherosclerosis and its potential arteries that can reduce blood flow, leading to consequences. increased heart workload, potential vessel rupture, heart attacks, or strokes. A heart attack occurs when blood does not reach the heart muscle, potentially causing What occurs during a heart attack? damage to the heart and even death if untreated. A stroke occurs when clots form in blood vessels supplying oxygen to the brain, leading Explain the process and effects of a stroke. to ruptured vessels, internal bleeding, and brain cell death due to oxygen deprivation. Identify the exit point of blood from the heart. Blood exits the heart through the aorta. The pacemaker is located in the right atrium Where is the pacemaker located in the heart? of the heart. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. the aorta? What component of blood is responsible for White blood cells are responsible for fighting fighting disease? disease in the body. If your blood type is B, which blood types can If your blood type is B, you can donate to you donate to? blood types B and AB.