Biology Reviewer - Cell Organelle PDF

BIOLOGY SUMMATIVE REVIEWER: CELL ORGANELLE Prokaryotic - Found in simple organisms such as bacteria, blue algae, and archean. They can live in stressful environments with high acidity. Ex.: E. colli, Blue-green algae, Mycoplasma, Lactobacillus Eukaryotic - Found in higher forms of...

BIOLOGY SUMMATIVE REVIEWER: CELL ORGANELLE Prokaryotic - Found in simple organisms such as bacteria, blue algae, and archean. They can live in stressful environments with high acidity. Ex.: E. colli, Blue-green algae, Mycoplasma, Lactobacillus Eukaryotic - Found in higher forms of organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Can be either multi/ unicellular. Ex of unicellular eukaryotes: yeast, amoeba, protozoa Characteristic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Definition Cells that lack both a nucleus and Any cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles membrane-bound organelles Example Bacteria, Archaea, E.colli, S. Aureus Plants, animals, fungi, amoeba, yeast Ability to Replicate Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in nucleus Organism Type Unicellular Either multicellular or unicellular Ribosomes Present Present Growth Rate Faster (Binary Fission) Slower (Mitosis) Cell Size 5-10μm 10-100μm Cell Structure Simple Complex Nucleus? No (only nucleoid) Yes Motility Yes Yes Organelles Not membrane-bound (Ribosomes, Yes Centrosomes, Centrioles, Cytoskeleton, Cell-Wall) CELL ORGANELLE VISUAL MODEL EXPLANATION PARTS 1. Stucture for FLUID MOSAIC MODEL protection: Cell The fluid membrane itself can bend Membrane The membrane is made of macromolecules placed together like a mosaic “Plasma Membrane” Forms a boundary from the external environment Controls the passage in and out of the cell PHOSPHOLIPIDS: charged phosphate groups, glycerol, and two fatty acids Head - Glycerol and phosphate group, polar (hydrophilic), Tail - Fatty acid, non-polar (hydrophobic) Proteins Transport Proteins - helps materials cross the membrane Channel Proteins - form tunnels that helps import or export materials and wastes Cell recognition proteins - distinguish own cells from other such as pathogens Proteins Enzymatic Proteins - metabolic reactions such as synthetic reaction Cytoskeleton Proteins - maintain cell shape and motility Junction Protein - cell-to-cell adhesion and communication  Receptor Protein - exchage of signal allowing ligands to bind to it 2. Stucture for Plants and algae - made up of protection: Cell polysaccharide cellulose Wall Fungi - made up of chitin Bacteria - composed of peptidoglycan 3. Stucture for Fills the space between the nucleus and cell protection: membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol - the fluid portion that consists of mainly water Where chemical reactions occur Water acts as a natural solvent in this organelle 4. Cell Organelles A storehouse of genetic information for Genetic Protects DNA from damage and instruction Control : must be available for use at proper times Nucleus Nuclear Envelope - special membrane that encloses the DNA Nuclear pores - holes in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm Nucleolus - a dense region where small organelles for making proteins are assembled Ribosomes - small organelles that pass through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs 5. Cell Organelles Deoxyribonucleic Acid for Genetic Long chain of molecules Control : DNA Gene - segmented portion Histones - special group of protein that pack DNA forming chromatin DNA → Nucleosome → chromatin → chromosome 6. Manufacturing, Interconnected network of thin and folded storage, membranes distribution Arranged like a maze, where the interior is and called a lumen breakdown : Lumen - site for processes such as Endoplasmic production of protein and lipids Reticulum ROUGH ER - covered by ribosomes - Rough due to its bumpy look under a microscope - Ribosomes join amino acids together to form protein - Enters the lumen where proteins are added with sugar chains for stability SMOOTH ER - Regions not studded by ribosomes - Responsible for the production of lipids - Responsible for the production of lipids - Breaks down drugs and alcohol 7. Manufacturing, Where proteins are sorted, processed, sorted, storage, delivered from the ER distribution Have enzymes that modify proteins and Finished products are packed in the Golgi breakdown : apparatus Golgi The “cis face (front face)” lies near the Apparatus transitional region of the rough ER The “trans face (back face)” lies near the cell membrane Sorting protein and lipids that are received (at the cis face) or released (at the trans face) by the organelle 8. Manufacturing, Small membrane-bound sac pinched off storage, from the part of the ER distribution Encloses the protein and Aid the protein in transportation going to the breakdown : Golgi apparatus Vesicles These can be categorized as storage vesicles, transport vesicles, or secretory vesicles Short-lived Formed and recycled as needed by the cells Some vesicles may develop into lysosomes and vacuoles 9. Manufacturing, fluid-filled sacs for storage of materials storage, needed by the cell distribution Has water, food, molecules, inorganic ions, and enzymes breakdown : Animal - maby small vacuoles Vacuoles Plants - one central vacuole The central vacuole is filled with watery fluid that strengthens and supports the plant by making it erect Contains toxins that harm predators that may harm the cell  Pigments that give color to petals 10. Manufacturing, Round- shaped membrane-bound storage, structures distribution Contain chemicals that breakdown materials and Lysosome- an enzyme that can defend the breakdown : cell from invading bacteria and viruses Lysosome Breakdown of worn-out cell parts Apoptosis- programmed cell death Breaks down all types of biological polymers 11. Manufacturing, Exist as small vesicles storage, Surrounded by a single membrane, distribution containing digestive enzymes and Absorb nutrients breakdown : Enzymes here breakdown molecules in Perixosome smaller molecules Catalase breakdown hydrogen peroxide (a by-product of digestion)into water and oxygen The liver - organ that contains more peroxisomes as it also helps in breaking down alcohol in the body 12. Energy Supply energy to the cell Processing: Round to oval-shaped with two membranes Mitochondria Inner membrane- many folds increasing surface area Series of chemical reactions convert molecules from food we eat to reusable energy Chemical energy produced is stored in small molecule (ATP) Produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation Regulating the metabolic activity of the cell Promotes cell multiplication and cell growth 13. Energy Double membrane-bound organelles with Processing: their own DNA and ribosomes Plastids Found in photosynthetic organisms Ex: chloroplast thylakoids - sacs that contains chlorophyll granum - stacks of thylakoids stroma - liquid portion of chloroplast 14. Structural Region of the cell that serves as a primary support, microtubule organizing center movement, Centrosome: consists of a pair of centrioles communicatio Duplicates migrate to opposite poles of the n: Centrosome cell, helping to form the mitotic spindle and Centrioles Centrioles are cylindrical structures that are found within the centrosome typically composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a cylindrical shape involved in organizing microtubules during cell division, and essential for the formation of cilia and flagella 15. Cilia and Cilia are short, and numerous, and cover the Flagella surface of the cell like tiny hairs. 5-10 macromilimiters long Flagella are longer and usually fewer in number— typically one or two per cell Cilia beat in a "rowing" motion, to propel through a fluid Flagella move in a whip-like manner, effective for propulsion through a fluid movement that is often vigorous and involves a broader range of motion Cilia is found in many types of cells, especially in the respiratory tract, and in  certain protozoa that help sweep mucus out of the lungs. Flagella is found on sperm cells, algae, and protozoa. 16. Cytoskeleton Intermediate filaments: composed of various proteins (keratins and neurofilaments) Provide mechanical strength and stability, Help anchor organelles in place Microtubules - thickest at 25 nm in diameter, and are composed of tubulin protein provide structural support and shape, facilitate intracellular transport by serving as tracks for motor proteins form the mitotic spindle