Biology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the end product of transcription?

  • Ribosome
  • Protein
  • RNA (correct)
  • DNA

    • Which secondary structure is characterized by a peptide chain that coils clockwise around its central axis?

  • Beta plated sheet
  • Tertiary structure
  • Alpha helices (correct)
  • Quaternary structure

    • What is the primary function of tRNA in translation?

  • To synthesize mRNA
  • To catalyze reactions
  • To form ribosomes
  • To transport amino acids (correct)

    • Which process occurs when you have no oxygen during fermentation?

    <p>Conversion of NADH into NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site at which the substrate binds to an enzyme called?

    <p>Active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is used to join monomers together?

    <p>Condensation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are germline mutations more concerning than somatic mutations?

    <p>They can be inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when oxygen is unavailable to a cell?

    <p>Fermentation takes place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of DNA replication where parental strands act as templates to produce new strands?

    <p>Semi-conservative replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not considered a secondary structure of proteins?

    <p>Gamma sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a stop codon in an amino acid sequence?

    <p>It leads to a nonsense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of sugar is deoxyribose?

    <p>5 carbon sugar found in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes purine pairing?

    <p>Purines pair with pyrimidines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of creating an RNA strand from a DNA template called?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of a stop codon in protein synthesis?

    <p>It signals the termination of translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of base pairing, what is the difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>In DNA, A pairs with T, and in RNA, A pairs with U.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction is used to break ATP into ADP and a phosphate group?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is considered the strongest among these options?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force describes the slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules?

    <p>Van der Waals force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process generates ATP during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Photophosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely happen to ATP production if the proton gradient was destroyed?

    <p>ATP production would decline or stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes migrate toward the poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of a protein is most crucial for determining its function and properties?

    <p>Primary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of transcription occur within a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do light-independent reactions occur within a plant cell?

    <p>Chloroplast stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to a molecule when it gains an electron?

    <p>It is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

    <p>Unwind DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion movement is crucial for ATP synthesis in the light reactions?

    <p>Protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the NADPH required for converting 3PG into G3P originate?

    <p>Light reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural orientation of membrane phospholipids?

    <p>Hydrophilic heads orientated outward and hydrophobic tails orientated inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best classifies a molecule with the formula C6H12O6?

    <p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthase?

    <p>To convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, which bases pair together according to the rules of complementary base pairing?

    <p>T pairs with A and G pairs with C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does translation of mRNA into proteins occur?

    <p>Ribosomes in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell would undergo meiosis?

    <p>Sperm precursor cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding secondary and tertiary protein structure?

    <p>Secondary and tertiary structures are independent of primary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 't' in tRNA stand for?

    <p>transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cytokinesis different between plant and animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells utilize vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to form a new cell wall, while animal cells use a contractile ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is amylase in saliva not active in the stomach?

    <p>The acidic environment of the stomach denatures it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is known to involve an expanding triplet repeat?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many codons can an amino acid with 960 nucleotides produce?

    <p>320 codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process generates daughter cells that are identical to the parent cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the citric acid cycle, which molecules are primarily produced?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding DNA and protein synthesis is true?

    <p>RNA encodes info that is turned into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phospholipids

    • Hydrophilic heads face outward, exposed to water
    • Hydrophobic tails face inward, shielded from water

    Carbohydrates

    • C6H12O6 is a carbohydrate

    Homologous Chromosomes

    • Chromosomes with identical gene sequences and structures
    • One from each parent

    Complementary Base Pairing

    • DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
    • RNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

    Huntington's Disease

    • Involves an expanding triplet repeat

    Cell Reactions and Heat

    • High heat can denature proteins, hindering desired and undesirable reactions within cells

    Meiosis in Cells

    • Sperm precursor cells undergo meiosis

    Protein Structure

    • Secondary and tertiary structure are dependent on primary structure

    Cytokinesis in Plant and Animal Cells

    • Animal cells: contractile ring divides the cytoplasm
    • Plant cells: vesicles from Golgi apparatus create cell wall

    Transcription and Translation

    • Transcription produces RNA from DNA
    • Translation produces proteins from RNA

    Formation of Bonds

    • Covalent bonds formed by electron sharing
    • Ionic bonds formed by electron transfer

    Enzyme Function

    • Active site where substrate binds to enzyme

    Tissue Definition

    • A group of cells working together for a shared function

    Photosynthesis and Energy Sources

    • NADH and ATP produced during light-independent reactions

    Mutations

    • Germline mutations are more concerning than somatic mutations because they affect offspring

    Cellular Respiration Steps

    • Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

    Monomer Joining

    • Monomers are joined together through condensation reactions

    Monomer Breakdown

    • Monomers are broken down by hydrolysis

    Light-Independent Reaction

    • Another name for the light-independent reaction is the Calvin cycle

    Crossing Over

    • Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis

    Oxygen Deprivation

    • Fermentation occurs when oxygen is unavailable

    Purines and Pyrimidines

    • Purines (A, G) pair with pyrimidines (T, C) in DNA

    Stop Codons

    • Stop codons signal the termination of translation

    DNA Replication

    • Replication occurs during the S phase of interphase

    Oxidation of Acyl CoA

    • Oxidation occurs in mitochondria

    Semi-Conservative Replication

    • Replication where the parental strands separate into two template strands, which produce DNA molecules with one parental and one new DNA strand

    Conservative Replication

    • Replication where the parent molecule serves as a template to create an entirely new molecule

    Secondary Structures

    • A gamma sheet is not a secondary protein structure

    Redox Reactions

    • Involve electron transfer from one reactant to another

    Transcription

    • RNA is created from a DNA template

    Stop Codons

    • Stop codons signal the termination of translation into proteins

    Base Pairing (DNA vs RNA)

    • DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
    • RNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

    Oxidation/Reduction

    • Oxidation and Reduction occur simultaneously (both at once)

    Transcription/Translation

    • Transcription occurs before translation

    Fermentation

    • Pyruvate is reduced, gaining an electron
    • NAD+ is produced

    Cyclic Electron Transport

    • Produces only ATP

    Photosynthesis

    • ATP production depends on proton gradient
    • Specific enzymes for specific substrates are needed for efficient function in photosynthesis
    • Light reactions occur in the chloroplast
    • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
    • Evolution of photosynthesis caused change to Earth’s atmosphere
    • Primary structure is most important because it shows the structure of the basic amino acids for an organism

    Starch and Glycogen

    • Starch is a plant energy storage form
    • Glycogen is an animal energy storage form

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    Description

    Test your understanding of key biology concepts including phospholipids, carbohydrates, chromosomes, and genetic diseases. Explore the intricacies of cell reactions, meiosis, and protein structures. This quiz covers fundamental principles important for any biology student.

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