Biology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the end product of transcription?

  • Ribosome
  • Protein
  • RNA (correct)
  • DNA

Which secondary structure is characterized by a peptide chain that coils clockwise around its central axis?

  • Beta plated sheet
  • Tertiary structure
  • Alpha helices (correct)
  • Quaternary structure

What is the primary function of tRNA in translation?

  • To synthesize mRNA
  • To catalyze reactions
  • To form ribosomes
  • To transport amino acids (correct)

Which process occurs when you have no oxygen during fermentation?

<p>Conversion of NADH into NAD+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site at which the substrate binds to an enzyme called?

<p>Active site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is used to join monomers together?

<p>Condensation reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are germline mutations more concerning than somatic mutations?

<p>They can be inherited (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when oxygen is unavailable to a cell?

<p>Fermentation takes place (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of DNA replication where parental strands act as templates to produce new strands?

<p>Semi-conservative replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not considered a secondary structure of proteins?

<p>Gamma sheet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a stop codon in an amino acid sequence?

<p>It leads to a nonsense mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of sugar is deoxyribose?

<p>5 carbon sugar found in DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes purine pairing?

<p>Purines pair with pyrimidines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

<p>S phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of creating an RNA strand from a DNA template called?

<p>Transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of a stop codon in protein synthesis?

<p>It signals the termination of translation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of base pairing, what is the difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>In DNA, A pairs with T, and in RNA, A pairs with U. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction is used to break ATP into ADP and a phosphate group?

<p>Hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is considered the strongest among these options?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force describes the slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules?

<p>Van der Waals force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process generates ATP during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Photophosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would likely happen to ATP production if the proton gradient was destroyed?

<p>ATP production would decline or stop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes migrate toward the poles?

<p>Anaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of a protein is most crucial for determining its function and properties?

<p>Primary structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process of transcription occur within a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do light-independent reactions occur within a plant cell?

<p>Chloroplast stroma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to a molecule when it gains an electron?

<p>It is reduced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

<p>Unwind DNA strands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ion movement is crucial for ATP synthesis in the light reactions?

<p>Protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the NADPH required for converting 3PG into G3P originate?

<p>Light reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural orientation of membrane phospholipids?

<p>Hydrophilic heads orientated outward and hydrophobic tails orientated inward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best classifies a molecule with the formula C6H12O6?

<p>Carbohydrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines homologous chromosomes?

<p>Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP synthase?

<p>To convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, which bases pair together according to the rules of complementary base pairing?

<p>T pairs with A and G pairs with C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation of mRNA into proteins occur?

<p>Ribosomes in the cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell would undergo meiosis?

<p>Sperm precursor cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding secondary and tertiary protein structure?

<p>Secondary and tertiary structures are independent of primary structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 't' in tRNA stand for?

<p>transfer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cytokinesis different between plant and animal cells?

<p>Plant cells utilize vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to form a new cell wall, while animal cells use a contractile ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is amylase in saliva not active in the stomach?

<p>The acidic environment of the stomach denatures it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is known to involve an expanding triplet repeat?

<p>Huntington's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many codons can an amino acid with 960 nucleotides produce?

<p>320 codons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process generates daughter cells that are identical to the parent cells?

<p>Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the citric acid cycle, which molecules are primarily produced?

<p>NADH and FADH2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding DNA and protein synthesis is true?

<p>RNA encodes info that is turned into proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Membrane phospholipids orientation

Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads facing outward, towards water, and hydrophobic tails facing inward, away from water.

C6H12O6 molecule classification

A molecule with the formula C6H12O6 is a carbohydrate.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes with the same gene sequence and structure.

Complementary base pairing (DNA/RNA)

In DNA, T pairs with A, and G pairs with C. In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C.

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Disease caused by expanding triplet repeat

Huntington's disease.

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Why heating up a cell is bad

Heating a cell speeds up all reactions, including undesirable reactions that denature proteins, which are bad for the cell.

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Cell undergoing meiosis

Sperm precursor cell.

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Relationship between protein structures

Secondary and tertiary protein structures are determined by primary structure; Therefore, secondary and tertiary structure depend on primary structure.

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Transcription end product

RNA

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Translation end product

Proteins

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Fermentation with no oxygen

Body can convert NADH back into NAD+

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Beta-pleated sheet

Secondary protein structure; protein chain folds back and forth.

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Alpha helix

Secondary protein structure; peptide chain coils.

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tRNA travel sites

From A site to P site to E site.

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Hydrolysis reaction need

Water

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Covalent bond formation

Sharing electrons

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Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between reactants.

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Transcription

Creating an RNA strand using a DNA template.

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Stop Codon

Signals the end of protein synthesis during translation.

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DNA vs. RNA base pairing

In DNA, A pairs with T; in RNA, A pairs with U.

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Transcription vs. Translation

Transcription creates RNA; Translation creates proteins from RNA.

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Hydrolysis

Breaking down a molecule by adding water.

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Covalent Bond

The strongest type of chemical bond.

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Van der Waals Force

Weak attraction between molecules with slight opposite charges.

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Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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Crossing over location

Occurs during prophase I of meiosis.

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Controlled scientific experiments

Experiments where a variable is directly manipulated to observe its effect.

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Fermentation

The process that occurs when oxygen is unavailable to a cell.

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Base pairing (DNA)

Purines (A, G) always pair with pyrimidines (T, C).

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Nonsense mutation

A mutation where a stop codon is introduced too early in the amino acid sequence.

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DNA replication phase

Occurs during the S phase of interphase.

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Acyl CoA oxidation location

Acyl CoA oxidation happens in the mitochondria.

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ATP synthase

An enzyme that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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Translation Location

Occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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Atom Stability

Atoms are most stable when their outermost electron shell is full (8 electrons).

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tRNA Function

tRNA transfers or translates mRNA into amino acids.

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Amylase Stomach Inactivity

Amylase, found in saliva, isn't active in the stomach because the stomach's acidic pH deactivates it.

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Transcription's Source

In transcription, an RNA strand is created from a DNA template.

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Photosynthesis Oxygen Source

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from water.

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Aerobic Respiration's ATP Producer

The electron transport chain is the part of aerobic respiration that makes the most ATP.

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Endergonic reaction coupling

Endergonic reactions can proceed when linked to an exergonic reaction, like ATP hydrolysis (breakdown)

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Electron reduction

Gaining an electron by a molecule. Electrons are negatively charged, so gaining them makes the molecule more negative.

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Enzyme for DNA unwinding

Helicase is the enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA during replication.

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ATP production w/ proton gradient destruction

ATP production would decrease or stop because a proton gradient is crucial for ATP synthesis.

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Photophosphorylation

Process of ATP creation from ADP and phosphate during photosynthesis' light reactions.

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Enzyme-substrate interaction

The specific shape of an enzyme's active site allows it to bind with specific substrates.

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Source of NADPH in photosynthesis

Light reactions of photosynthesis are where the NADPH required to convert 3PG into G3P is produced.

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Location of light reactions in plants

Light reactions occur within the chloroplast.

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Study Notes

Phospholipids

  • Hydrophilic heads face outward, exposed to water
  • Hydrophobic tails face inward, shielded from water

Carbohydrates

  • C6H12O6 is a carbohydrate

Homologous Chromosomes

  • Chromosomes with identical gene sequences and structures
  • One from each parent

Complementary Base Pairing

  • DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
  • RNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

Huntington's Disease

  • Involves an expanding triplet repeat

Cell Reactions and Heat

  • High heat can denature proteins, hindering desired and undesirable reactions within cells

Meiosis in Cells

  • Sperm precursor cells undergo meiosis

Protein Structure

  • Secondary and tertiary structure are dependent on primary structure

Cytokinesis in Plant and Animal Cells

  • Animal cells: contractile ring divides the cytoplasm
  • Plant cells: vesicles from Golgi apparatus create cell wall

Transcription and Translation

  • Transcription produces RNA from DNA
  • Translation produces proteins from RNA

Formation of Bonds

  • Covalent bonds formed by electron sharing
  • Ionic bonds formed by electron transfer

Enzyme Function

  • Active site where substrate binds to enzyme

Tissue Definition

  • A group of cells working together for a shared function

Photosynthesis and Energy Sources

  • NADH and ATP produced during light-independent reactions

Mutations

  • Germline mutations are more concerning than somatic mutations because they affect offspring

Cellular Respiration Steps

  • Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Monomer Joining

  • Monomers are joined together through condensation reactions

Monomer Breakdown

  • Monomers are broken down by hydrolysis

Light-Independent Reaction

  • Another name for the light-independent reaction is the Calvin cycle

Crossing Over

  • Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis

Oxygen Deprivation

  • Fermentation occurs when oxygen is unavailable

Purines and Pyrimidines

  • Purines (A, G) pair with pyrimidines (T, C) in DNA

Stop Codons

  • Stop codons signal the termination of translation

DNA Replication

  • Replication occurs during the S phase of interphase

Oxidation of Acyl CoA

  • Oxidation occurs in mitochondria

Semi-Conservative Replication

  • Replication where the parental strands separate into two template strands, which produce DNA molecules with one parental and one new DNA strand

Conservative Replication

  • Replication where the parent molecule serves as a template to create an entirely new molecule

Secondary Structures

  • A gamma sheet is not a secondary protein structure

Redox Reactions

  • Involve electron transfer from one reactant to another

Transcription

  • RNA is created from a DNA template

Stop Codons

  • Stop codons signal the termination of translation into proteins

Base Pairing (DNA vs RNA)

  • DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
  • RNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

Oxidation/Reduction

  • Oxidation and Reduction occur simultaneously (both at once)

Transcription/Translation

  • Transcription occurs before translation

Fermentation

  • Pyruvate is reduced, gaining an electron
  • NAD+ is produced

Cyclic Electron Transport

  • Produces only ATP

Photosynthesis

  • ATP production depends on proton gradient
  • Specific enzymes for specific substrates are needed for efficient function in photosynthesis
  • Light reactions occur in the chloroplast
  • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
  • Evolution of photosynthesis caused change to Earth’s atmosphere
  • Primary structure is most important because it shows the structure of the basic amino acids for an organism

Starch and Glycogen

  • Starch is a plant energy storage form
  • Glycogen is an animal energy storage form

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Description

Test your understanding of key biology concepts including phospholipids, carbohydrates, chromosomes, and genetic diseases. Explore the intricacies of cell reactions, meiosis, and protein structures. This quiz covers fundamental principles important for any biology student.

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