BIOL 3290 Notes PDF

BIOL 3290 - MEDICINAL AND HALLUCINOGENIC PLANTS Who Discovery Signi cance Others...

BIOL 3290 - MEDICINAL AND HALLUCINOGENIC PLANTS Who Discovery Signi cance Others EUROPEAN MEDICINE Smith in Thebes, then purchased Ebers Papyrus - extant evidence 20m (110pgs) From VI Dynasty by Egyptologist Ebers I.e. castor oil as laxa ve ‘Hippocra c Oath’ 400 healing plants From Egyp an manuscripts Father of medicine Theophrastus Enquiry classi ca on system From Aristotle Father of botany Dios Medica (Medical ma ers) - 600 medicinal plants and use From Egyp an and Greek - Reported plants of Indian origin *4 Galen of Pergamon Encyclopedia Pharmacology Expanded Greek and Dioscorides Fall of Roman Empire Medicinal plant garden Medical schools - Salerno and Only a repository of past UofBologna (Italy), Montpellier knowledge, not new discoveries (France), Oxford (England) Constan ne the African Translated Islam text to La n for Introduced Islamic ideas to Greco- Muslim from Tunisia and Baghdad Salerno Roman Gutenberg Prin ng press and movable type; Mass circula on Herbal - book for material of Renaissance Age of Herbals herbal incunabula - early books medicine, plant origin Fuchs S rpium Woodcut illustra ons, botanical From Greco-Roman with updates accuracy Ma olo Commentarii Original print not illustrated - from Dioscorides with updates; limited use (later added) printed in many edi ons; translated Turner New Herball medicinal plants in England - e cacy and illustra ons Dodoens Cruÿ (Book of Herbs) woodcuts Many revisions Flemish-French Gerard Herbal Plagiarized from Dodoens Porta Phytognomonica Plant indicators - elabora on of Doctrine of Signatures *1 TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE Classical treatments: - Acupuncture - s mula on by needle or blocked pressure point Qi or chi (energy) - Moxibus on - paired with acupuncture, burning of moxa (mugwort) in close proximity to energy points, heat helps with healing - Herbal Medicine - combina on of Herbal formulae determined individually rather than standardized by herbalist Holis c - trea ng the whole person (physical, mental and social factors rather than disease) vs Western medicine *2 Huangdi Yellow Emperor Huangdi (Canon of Internal 1st genera on po ons, treatments, - Authorship to teacher who Medicine) diagnosis = standardized medical in uenced the author paradigm - Rivals: Taoist, Confusian, Buddhist *5 Shennong Fire Emperor Shennong (Classic of Herbal 1st genera on po ons, treatments, - Yellow Emperor Canon Medicine) diagnosis = standardized medical compromised to bridge Taoist paradigm and Confusian ti ffi fl tti ti fi ti fi ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti tt ti ti ti ti  Zhang Zabing (Miscellaneous) Medicinal classic Hippocrates of China Li Kang -mu (Compendium) 1880 medicinal plants proper es and use, including animal substances and minerals ISLAMIC MEDICINE Sumerian clay tablets - extant Pharmacology based on medicinal wri en recipes plants Ishaq Translated Galen’s work to Arabic Infusion of cultural sources: Trade routes Mesopotamia, India, Persia, Egypt, Greece Al-jazzar Kitab al adwiya al mufrada Translated to La n, Greek, Hebrew Tunisian (Trea se on Simple Drugs) by Constan ne Zad al musa r wa quit al hadir Medical encyclopedia in 7 volumes - Translated to La n Via cum (Provisions for the traveller and the peregrinan s by Constan ne nourishment of the se led) - used in Salerno and Montpellier Ibn Sina or Avicenna 5-volume Al Qanun al Tibb (Canon 200 trea se on medicine and - Greco-Roman, Islamic and Indian Persian physician of Medicine) plants sources AYUREDIC (Indian Hindu) MEDICINE Similar to Chinese holis c approach - importance of the integra on and balance of life Treatment levels: - Ministerial level - herbal remedy for each ailment - Sovereign level - herbal mixtures, po ons to defeat all illnesses (root causes of ministerial ailments) Strategies: - cleansing (shodan) - purging, blood and nasal cleansing - pallia on (shaman) - fas ng, chan ng, yoga, medita on, sunning to balance doshas (bio-elements) - Rejuvena on (Rasayana) - tonics To revitalize metabolism Rigveda Ancient repository of knowledge: Brought to Aryans of India 1028 hymns, virtues of the divine soma *3 Ayurveda - plant drugs and uses - 8 sec ons: internal medicine, surgery, head and neck, toxicology, mental disorders, pediatrics, geriatrics and aphrodisiacs Sushruta Samhita Detailed text on surgery, - Expanded Ayurveda therapeu cs and medicinal plants - Peak of Ayurvedic medicine - during Alexander the Great Charaka Samhita 12 chapters on medicinal plants - Expanded Ayurveda - Peak of Ayurvedic medicine - during Alexander the Great tt ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti fi ti ti tt ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti  Footnotes: 1. Doctrine of Signatures - plants take on appearance of the organ or ailment that they cure (as men oned in Porta’s Phytognomonica and expanded by Paracelsus) heart-shaped leaves - heart ailments Liverwort - liver trouble Snakeroot - an dote for snake venom Adder’s tongue - snakebite wounds and in amma on Lungwort - pulmonary disease Bloodroot - blood disorders by inducing vomi ng Wormwood - intes nal parasites 2. Tradi onal Chinese vs Western Medicine ATTRIBUTE CHINESE WESTERN Based on philosophy physical Approach Holis c Phenomenal Analy c Structural Health cul vate chi eliminate disease and pathogens Treats root causes symptoms Studies syndromes anatomy Treatment Adap ve/ Individual Standardized 3. Divine Soma - bloodless, rootless, and lea ess plant having divine and mys cal proper es (mushrooms?) 4. Plants of Indian origin as reported by Dioscorides: Datura smoked leaves - asthma Strychnine - induce paralysis Croton - purga ve Extensive Roman-Indian trade in drugs led Pliny to comment on high costs of import from India 5. Advent of Buddhism in India 250 BCE Addi ons to herbal lore: Surgery was viewed violent and was banned established Medicinal plant gardens spread to Sri Lanka, Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan Review 1. From which did Ancient Greek rst borrow knowledge on the use of medicinal plants: Egypt 2. Age of herbals is associated with which me period: Renaissance 3. Ayurvedic medicine stage of treatment that involved the use of herbs to increase metabolism: Rejuvena on 4. Important Islamic medical text translated to 3 languages that became important in European medicinal schools: Trea se on Simple Drugs 5. Tradi onal Chinese medicine is analy c in its approach on treatment of symptoms: False - It is holis c 6. Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic of Banisteriopsis of which group of people? Mes zos of Amazon Basin and Orinoco River ti ti ti ti ti ti fi ti ti fl ti ti ti fl ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti  History of Psychoac ve Plants: ENTHEOGENS Religious or shamanis c context: psychoac ve substance with physical and chemical e ects combined with cultural experience = profound experiences Control and communicate with supernatural beings or look inside oneself E ects: Changes spa al and temporal percep ons of me Heightened emo ons - euphoria and anguish Increased concentra on, memory Detachment from reality E ects above are interpreted as a contact with a divine en ty Who Entheogens Common Name Use Others Aztec of Mexico Pey Peyote cactus epi prophesizing, perpetrators clergy - War rituals and human Teo Mushrooms sacri ce Tolache Solana Olo Seeds of morning glory Inca of Peru Coca Cocaine leaves hunger, al tude sickness, Also used in earlier Nazca *5 Datura future, an depressant Symbol of divinity yopo Wilka - snu from a legume tree seed pods Mes zos of Amazon Basin and Ayahuasca Vine spp. caapi and inebrians heal mentally ill, future Mix chacruna (P. viridis) = ux Orinoco River of serotonin Indigenous people of N. Pey America (present day Mexico) Thornapple - scopo Deliriant agent Mescal bean - legume with poisonous and hallucinogenic seeds Tobacco - dopamine Aboriginals of Australia Tobacco Mild hallucinogenic e ects Not well understood due to Pituri reluctance of na ve shaman Corkwood Deliriant - scopolamine to share knowledge Highlanders of New Guinea: nonda All mushrooms Resolve tension and con ict Mushroom madness *1 Kuma and Kaimbi Equatorial West Africa: Iboga fa gue, hun ng aid, see Cult-like ceremony Fang and Bwi (present day divinity (Bwi ), communicate Declined - unique ‘high’ Gabon and Congo) with ancestors, dead Indian Subcon nent: vedas *2 Marijuana (divine nectar) Intoxica ng = supernatural Greatest importance as a Tantric Buddhist and Hindu powers ceremonial entheogen in the Deep medita on Himalayan region of India and High sense of awareness Tibet Datura Medicinal and hallucinogen Reindeer Herdsmen of Siberia: Fly agaric mushroom *3 Altered consciousness O ered to guest at weddings - (Uralic-speaking) A.muscaria Poisonous at large doses communal Communicate with supernatural Divine the future Answer di cult ques ons General enjoyment Ancient Greece: ergot-infested cereal grains - Physical and mys cal Eleusinian Mysteries *4 has LSD-like alkaloids experiences, trembling and hallucina ons Medieval Europe Henbane Folklore and witchcra : Belladonna po ons and ointments Mandrake oblivious delirium, sense of Solanaceous deliriants with ying, prophe c, transport to tropane far places (via brooms ck?) fl ff ff ff ti ti ti fi ti ti ti ti ffi ff ti ti t ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ff ft ti ti fl fl ti ti ti ti ff  Foot notes 1. Mushroom madness - caused debates on whether it is actually caused by chemical inebria on from mushrooms or mass hysteria. ‘women become delirious, and men terrorized own and surrounding village’ proof that common mushrooms ingested: R. agglu an, H. re spora and etc. - have limited or no psychological ac vity 2. Marijuana (known as vedas in India) - Himalayan Tibet and India Also men oned in Avesta 3. Fly agaric mushroom - can alter states of consciousness mainly used by Uralic of Siberia to facilitate connec on with divinity or for general enjoyment also used in Athabascan and Huron tribes of the Americas Wasson (1968) - argue that it is the soma of the Rigveda of India 4. Eleusinian Mysteries (-2800y) evolved from Eleusis (-4000y) - a place for cult-worship of Demeter (Greek deity of nature and cul va on of cereal crops) Passage through the portals of Eleusis: inges on of cereal grain with ergot during Athenian fes vals to celebrate the gi of grain 5. Nazca of Peru - preceded the Inca famous for Nazca lines - images in the sands also used coca (Cocaine) Review 1. Which plant species were not associated with witchcra in Medieval Europe? Marijuana and Fly agaric Mushroom 2. Which part Ololiuqui was used by Aztec of Mexico? Seeds 3. Pituri is an entheogen of Australia and belongs to Solanaceae family. True 4. Mushroom madness was a phenomenon characterized by a breakdown in social order of which group? Highlanders of New Guinea BIOCHEMISTRY: Secondary products - found only in specialized and di eren ated cells in small amounts Not necessary for survival but o en bene t the plant as a whole Important medicinally due to physiologically-ac ve and psychoac ve e ects Role: - Detoxi ers - Neutralize waste products and toxins (plants can’t excrete wastes like animals do) - Chemical defense - Against herbivores, insect pests, fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens - A ractants - Luring ower pollinators and fruit dispersers with desirable colours (i.e. pigments and scents) Versus primary products: Nucleic acid, chlorophyll, cellulose Necessary for cell and organism survival Major Group Proper es Func on Found in Alkaloid Contain N2 and heterocyclic ring = - An -herbivore and an bio c Bi er, toxic - Pharmacologically ac ve: - medicinal, - poisonous and hallucinogenic Terpenoids Dis lled as scented vola le or Medicinal and an bio c Trichomes of thyme leaf Built from IPP (5-carbon) essen al oils monoterpenes (10-carbon) Sesquiterpene (15-carbon) Glycosides: sugars a ached to non -Cardiac glycosides - Digoxin S mulate heart Fox glove plant sugar terpenoid -Saponin or steroid - Diosgenin hormone precursors Yam plant Phenolics Aroma c ring a ached to hydroxyl Plant pigments, poisons, medicinal groups drugs cyannin Purples and blues Hypericin ti tt tt ti ti ti ti fi ti ti tt ti tt fl ti ti ti ti ti ti ft fi ti ft ti ti ti ti ff ff ti ti ti ti ti ft ti ti  POISONOUS FUNGI What Secondary Product E ects Found in Others Molds: A a - most dangerous Not visible Harvested foods retained in eggs, milk, and Flavus, parasi cus Poten al carcinogens (even a er meat; - Passed on to human DNA transcrip on = liver fungus has died) consuming such tumors, liver cell degenera on (Hepatocell carcinoma) Children are more suscep ble to a a poisoning Ergot Sclero a - Purplish-black poisoning - inges on Cereal grain Pass on to humans via compact mycelium Ergo sm *1 - ‘St. Anthony’s parasite (rye), Contaminated milled our Fire’ grasses in wet - baking does not destroy Ergonovine and Ergotamine - Gangrenous or convulsive summers alkaloid contracts the arterioles Death - contracts smooth muscle in Witch Trials *2 diges ve tract Folk medicine - cause of *ini al symptoms - induce labour by uterine Imported to US to induce contrac ons labour Lysergic acid - hallucina ons - control hemorrhaging *Safer alterna ves available Death Cap Amani n - cause cell Highly poisonous - account for Mistaken for edible mushroom: Basidio destruc on 90% fatali es Volva 1. Long 10-hr latency period, - 2. cramps, nausea, vomi ng, 3. remission for a day, 4. liver and kidney failure 5. Death - if not treated POISONOUS ANGIOSPERM (FLOWERING) Monkshood/Aconite Aconi ne - rapid ac ng poison Deadly poison (concentrated at Herb Bu ercup/Ranuncula roots and tubers) family na ve to Europe, Muscle ngling and numb, ornamnetal plant Bikh or Nabee in India staggered gait, crawling skin, nausea, irregular pulse Medicinal use *3 Poison Hemlock Pyridine Depressant - large doses Umbel Coniine - s mulate and by neuromuscular block, Herbaceous Carrot/Apia family paralyze nico nic receptors of lowering BP na ve to Europe CNS Death - collapse of Socrates executed by poison cardiovascular hemlock infusion Poison proper es men oned in Shakespeare plays Water Hemlock Cicutoxin - acetylenic alc Convulsant - directly to CNS Concentrated in Carrot/Apia family In 30 mins: taproot, which Spp.: virosa, maculata, vomi ng,convulsions, seizures, resembles a wild douglasii cessa on parsnip death - high doses Castor bean Ricin *4 - type of poison Lec n Fatal - consuming whole seeds Castor oil - oldest Herb Euphorb family na ve to *5, which is a poison Agglu na on(clumping) and known laxa ve Africa glycoproteins, resemble Hemolysis of RBCs from seeds Ornamental - dis nct foliage, an body Precipita on owers and shiny seeds Hemorrhaging Intes ne Swelling NOT TRUE an bodies - not Kidney degrada on require an genic s mulus Rosary Pea Abrin - lec n glycoprotein Highly poisonous if consumed Slender, perennial, legume, climbing vine na ve to India Biologically MORE toxic than and Tropical East Asia Ricin, but absorbed slowly by gut to blood A rac ve hard bright red-black seeds for Rosary beading fl ff tt fl ti ti fl ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ft ti ti ti tt ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti fl ti ti ti ti ti ti ti  Foot Note 1. Ergo sm - aka. St. Anthony’s Fire common in Middle Ages, Europe 857 Rhine Valley, Germany earliest outbreak record 994 France killed 40,000 1039 France Valliore established Saint Anthony hospitals to treat ergo sm +370 more Catholic Church hospitals persons a icted with ergo sm were fed clergy bread in the Church - lighter and made from uncontaminated wheat symptoms disappeared = belief in healing powers of the Church Two poisoning types: Gangrenous - ngling to gangrenous in extremi es ( ngers and toes), vomi ng, diarrhea, hallucina ons (religious imagery?)*ini al symptoms blood ow in extremi es decline and may eventually separate from the body Convulsive - ngling to gangrenous in extremi es ( ngers and toes), vomi ng, diarrhea, hallucina ons *ini al symptoms uncontrolled spasms of limb muscles to severe epilepsy, then death 2. Witch Trials of Puritan colony in Salem,MA 1692 Hanging of 20 men and women accused of ‘demonic possessions’ to a ect convulsions and mental disturbance in children Group hysteria phenomenon - actually consistent with Ergot poisoning symptoms and rye was grown in Salem strong correla on of wet summers (ideal for ergot growth) and reports of witchcra Witch Persecu on in Norway and Scotland - only in areas where rye was grown for bread-making 3. Medicinal use of Monkshood diminish pulse to relieve neuralgia (stabbing nerve pain), pleurisy (in amed mem of lungs) and aneurysm (swollen arteries) Aegean Island of Ceos, Ancient Greece in rm old men drank monkshood infusion Himalaya and India known as bikh and nabee, used to poison well water of opposing armies China known as Aconitum, for arrow poison 4. Ricin - toxic principal of Castor bean 3rd on FBI list of toxic substance (a er plutonium and botulism) 6000x toxic than cyanide 12000x toxic than ra lesnake venom Biological Weapons An -terrorism Act - made possession of Ricin illegal American arrested at Canada-Alaska border with 130g Ricin - could kill half a million people used by Soviet KGB to murder Bulgarian journalist Markova - ny hollow metal sphere, holding Ricin, jabbed in his thigh while wai ng for a bus in London 1978 5. Lec n - poisonous glycoproteins present in Castor bean and Rosary Pea An -terrorism experts expressed concerns on lec n being used as biological weapons as powders, mists, pellets that can be dissolved in water although imprac cal because it breaks down easy and requires a large amount to e ect ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti fl tt ti ti ti ft ffl ti ti ti fi fi fi ti ti ff ti ti ft ti ff ti ti ti fl ti  DETERRENTS FROM FUNGI AND PLANTS A. Fungal An bio cs Ebers Papyrus (-4500y) - traces use of molds to treat wounds and skin problems Chinese and American Indigenous medicine - use molds for healing wounds What Deters what E ect Others Penicillin S.aureus Poten al an bio c Isolated to study therapeu c proper es *1 Gram-nega ve bacterial infec on Fusidic Acid Gram-posi ve bacteria Bacteriosta c agent - inhibit From Asco F.coccineum Penicillin-resistant strains bacterial protein synthesis, but does not kill bacteria Prescribed as topical ointments for skin infec ons (Europe, Asia, Aus) Oral dosage for skin infec ons are being developed (US) B. Soil bacteria streptomycin In-situ culturing of soil bacteria (Strepto) Gram-posi ve (not gram- Highly toxic vancomycin nega ve) Harmless to mammalian ssue (Ac no) Teixobac n (Ele heria) C. Insec cides What Secondary Product E ect Deters what Origin and Others Tobacco Nico ne- poison to insect and S mulant drug -Sucking insects: aphid and Tomato/Solana family higher poison to mammals Insec cide scale Na ve to South America -Soak leaves sprayed on trees Annual herb Neonico ne sulfate - Soviet -Powdered and stored with More e ec ve at Union cereal grain controlling moth larvae Introduced to Europe A.aphylla than DDT Black Leaf 40*2 in US neonico noids *3 - safer variant Acetylcholine receptor agonist - paralysis and death Pyrethrum Pyrethrin - biodegraded by light Insec cide -Ectoparasites: ea Herbaceous Aster family and O2, low toxic on birds and -concentrated in ower heads -Mosquitoes na ve to Asia mammals which are hand-harvested -Fish Cul vated in Africa and - ea collar South America Toxic to sh - groundwater -insec cide dip contamina on should be avoided -mosquito coil Most natural insec cide Neurosensor blocker (axonic), 20th century - replaced by Permethrin and trans uthrin - keep Na+ channel open = ring DDT 10x more e ec ve than pyrethrin of nerve cells and paralysis of insect Neem *4 Tetracyclo/limonoids Oil and leaves deter insects -Locusts, moths, beetles, Large, fast growing tree (Neem trees una ected by aphids, mosquitoes na ve to India aza - e ec ve on dessert locust locusts) spread in Middle East, an -feeding (no e ect on others -Fungal, bacterial, viral Africa, China (hot arid and and desensi ze) Does not kill directly - inhibit nematode disease sandy) growth and repro, blocks Frost-intolerant feeding, -not toxic to mammals Not approved in Canada, Australia, and Europe fl ff ff ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ft ti ti ti ti ti ti ff ff fi ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ff ti ti ti ti ti fl ti ff fl ff ti fl ti ti fi ti ti ti ti  Rotenone Rotenone - iso avonoid Piscicides and Insec cides -Fish Tropical Legume Vine (Roots and rhizomes) -crushed roots added to water -Insect (must be ingested = inhibit sh respiratory to e ect) Loncho *5 - Amazon -block ETC in mitochondria -invertebrates and Derris - Asia and Paci c mammals una ected Teph - Africa Mint Oils Mono- and sesquiterpenes - fragrance, avourings, -Insects Mint, Eucalyptus, Cloves Rosemary, Thyme, insect neurotoxin aromatherapy, medicine -pests of farm animals and family steam dis lla on Cloves pets Fumigants *6 -Non toxic to mammals birds and sh Footnote: 1. Therapeu c studies of Penicillin Discovered by Fleming, Sco sh bacteriologist at St. Mary’s Hospital, London - ‘poten al an sep c’ Florey and Chain at Oxford University 1st human trials - crude extract from P.notatum, but yield of ac ve compound was low (2IU/ml) WW2 deteriora ng for England forced decampment to US - rapid advances to isolate 3000IU/ml from P.chrysogenum su cient supply of crude penicillin available for Allied troops (1) taken orally by repeated dosage or (2)intramuscular injec on single dose severe pain and allergic reac ons Semi-Synthe c Penicillin - Post WW2 Penicillin-G - combat wide range of bacterial infec on Cloxacillin - resistant to ß-lactamase Ampicillin - greater range of ac vity, 1st e ec ve against gram-nega ve bacteria Ticarcillin - treat di cult gram-nega ve bacterial infec ons 2. Black Leaf 40 - 40% nic sulfate insec cide and poison alkaloid of Tobacco US ~ un l ‘92 extracted by dry dis lla on, steam dis lla on or organic solvents to leave NO residue on food Neonico ne sulfate (A.aphylla) - insec cide for Soviety Union Declined in the 60s because of high toxicity and availablility of cheap DDT insec cides DDT - synthe c insec cide persistent in environment - half life of 1 month to years; toxic to sh , amphibians and invertebrates bio-accumulates = eggshell thinning, reduced fecundity in predatory birds Men oned in Silent Spring by Carson = Environmental movements = close regula on and banning Environmental Protec on Agency (EPA) - ban use of nico ne as insec cide and rodent control in US, Canada and Europe 3. Neonico noids - rst major safer synthe c variant of nico ne