Biol 1300.docx

**Biol 1300** **Unit 2 Key Dates and Locations** -The domestication of plants is thought to have occurred approximately 10,000 years ago -By 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, agriculture was commonly practiced in Asia Minor, China-Southeast Asia, and the Americas. **Plant Domestication by Region** **As...

**Biol 1300** **Unit 2 Key Dates and Locations** -The domestication of plants is thought to have occurred approximately 10,000 years ago -By 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, agriculture was commonly practiced in Asia Minor, China-Southeast Asia, and the Americas. **Plant Domestication by Region** **Asia Minor** - **Prehistoric Agriculture (10,000 - 8,750 years ago)** - **10,000 years ago**: Wild grains collected. - **8,750 years ago**: Wheat and barley cultivated; domestication of goats, sheep, pigs, and various plants. - **Early Urbanization (7,000 - 6,000 years ago)** - **7,000 years ago**: Movement into Tigris-Euphrates valleys. - **6,000 years ago**: Development of sophisticated urban civilizations. - **Spread of Agriculture (6,000 years ago)** - **6,000 years ago**: Introduction of agriculture from Asia Minor to the Balkans; shift to rye and oats in Europe. - **Ancient Innovations (14,000 - 6,000 years ago)** - **14,000 years ago**: Development of grinding equipment in Egypt. - **6,000 years ago**: Evidence of agriculture in the Sahara. **Mnemonic Devices** - **"Wild Wheat Goats Move Urban"**: - **Wild** grains (10,000 years ago) - **Wheat** and barley (8,750 years ago) - **Goats** and other animals domesticated (8,750 years ago) - **Move** into Tigris-Euphrates (7,000 years ago) - **Urban** civilizations (6,000 years ago) - **"Asia to Balkans, Egypt Grinds, Sahara Farms"**: - **Asia** Minor to Balkans (6,000 years ago) - **Egypt** grinding equipment (14,000 years ago) - **Sahara** agriculture (6,000 years ago) **Grouping by Time Periods** - **Early Agriculture in China and Thailand** - **9,000 years ago**: Evidence of bean and pea cultivation in Spirit Cave, Thailand. - **7,000 years ago**: Rice cultivation in Spirit Cave, Thailand. - **6,000 years ago**: Developed agrarian society at the Yang-Chao site near the Yellow River in China. **Mnemonic Devices** - **"Beans, Rice, Yang-Chao"**: - **Beans** and peas (9,000 years ago) - **Rice** (7,000 years ago) - **Yang-Chao** agrarian society (6,000 years ago) **Central America** - **Early Agriculture in Central Mexico and Peru** - **9,000-7,000 years ago**: Mostly hunter-gatherer societies. - **7,000 years ago**: 15% cultivation; major crops included corn (maize), squash, peppers, amaranth, and avocado. - **5,500 years ago**: About 30% cultivation. - **3,500 years ago**: Fully agricultural; hybrid corn, tomato, squash, bean, peppers, cotton, many fruits, and domestication of dogs. - **2,500 years ago**: Introduction of irrigation and domestication of turkeys; trade of crop seeds. - **Sophisticated Agricultural Practices (2,500 years ago)** - **Aztec (Mexico)**: Intensive irrigation agriculture. - **Mayan (Central America)**: Selection of corn and bean cultivars. - **Inca (Andes, South America)**: Potato domestication and irrigation systems. **Mnemonic Devices** - **"Hunters Cultivate Fully Irrigated Trade"**: - **Hunters** (9,000-7,000 years ago) - **Cultivate** (7,000 years ago) - **Fully** agricultural (3,500 years ago) - **Irrigated** (2,500 years ago) - **Trade** of seeds (2,500 years ago) - **"Aztec Mayan Inca"**: - **Aztec**: Intensive irrigation agriculture - **Mayan**: Selection of corn and bean cultivars - **Inca**: Potato domestication and irrigation systems **Crop Introductions by Region and Time Period** - **Europe** - **Romans**: Peas, oats, rye, herbs. - **Arabic Colonization of Spain**: Rice, sugar cane, sorghum, citrus fruits. - **European Conquest of the Americas**: - **1600s**: Corn (maize) in Spain, Portugal, Italy; potatoes in Spain, England. - **1700s**: Potatoes in Russia, central Europe. - **Explorations of Eastern Asia (1497)**: Rhubarb, almond, apricot, peach, coffee, black pepper. - **Asia** - **Indigenous**: Rice. - **Introductions from the Americas**: Corn (maize), papaya, pineapple, potato, sweet potato, tapioca (cassava), chili pepper. - **Introductions from North-East Africa**: Coffee. - **Africa** - **Indigenous**: Coffee, sorghum, millet, yam, cowpeas, watermelon, sesame, palm oil. - **Introductions from Asia**: Coconut, rice, bananas. - **Introductions from the Near East**: Mango, eggplant. - **Introductions from the Americas**: Cassava, sweet potatoes, corn (maize), beans. - **Americas** - **Indigenous to Central and South America**: Corn, cassava, potato, sweet potato, peanuts, tomato, chili peppers, beans. - **Introductions by Spanish and English Colonists**: Sugar cane, bananas, rice, citrus fruits, breadfruit, coffee. **Mnemonic Devices** - **"Romans Peas, Arabic Rice, Conquest Corn, Explorations Coffee"**: - **Romans**: Peas, oats, rye, herbs. - **Arabic**: Rice, sugar cane, sorghum, citrus fruits. - **Conquest**: Corn (maize), potatoes. - **Explorations**: Rhubarb, almond, apricot, peach, coffee, black pepper. - **"Asia Rice, Americas Corn, Africa Coffee"**: - **Asia**: Rice, corn, papaya, pineapple, potato, sweet potato, tapioca, chili pepper, coffee. - **Americas**: Corn, cassava, potato, sweet potato, peanuts, tomato, chili peppers, beans. - **Africa**: Coffee, sorghum, millet, yam, cowpeas, watermelon, sesame, palm oil, coconut, rice, bananas, mango, eggplant, cassava, sweet potatoes, corn, beans.