BT 1008 Plant Resources Lecture 2 2024 PDF

BT 1008: Plant Resources Lecture # 2 Recap … ⚫Renewable Vs Non-renewable resources ⚫Man’s association with plants has a long history ⚫Possible centres of origin of cultivated plants proposed by Nikolai Vavilov Today … ❖ Renewable and non-renewable resources ❖Traditional uses and pote...

BT 1008: Plant Resources Lecture # 2 Recap … ⚫Renewable Vs Non-renewable resources ⚫Man’s association with plants has a long history ⚫Possible centres of origin of cultivated plants proposed by Nikolai Vavilov Today … ❖ Renewable and non-renewable resources ❖Traditional uses and potentials of plants as sources of 🗸 Food & Beverage plants - Cereals 🗸 Spice & Essential oils 🗸 Medicines 🗸 Wood & Fiber products 🗸 Natural products and processing (eg. Latex, narcotics) 🗸 Alternative energy resources 🗸 Environmental sensors ❖ Sustainable utilization and conservation of plants  Various Food Crops ❖ Cereals ❖ Legumes ❖ Vegetables ❖ Fruits Before we begin…………. Let's see how much you know about cereals. Please note that the quiz is NOT GRADED. 1. What plant part do we consume as cereals? 2. Name 5 cereal crops that you know 3. What is the main ingredient in Pasta? 4. What is gluten intolerance?  Cereals (Grain crops) ❖ Most important food plants eg.Wheat, Rice, Maize, Barley, Millets, Sorghum ❖ First cultivated crops in the world ❖ Family Poaceae Cereals  Domestication of Cereals What is domestication? Reasons for domesticating cereals ❖ Compact grains, dry, easy to handle and store ❖ High nutritive value (Mainly carbohydrates, little proteins, some fats, vitamins and minerals) ❖ Cultivated with little labour, but with large return, ❖ Short term crops ❖ Cultivated over a wide range of climatic and soil conditions ❖ Available for each climatic zone (cold, temperate, tropical) Colder regions – Oat and Rye Temperate regions – Wheat and Barley Warmer regions – Rice, Sorghum, Millet and Corn ❖ Exhibited a wide genetic, morphological and physiological variations ❖ Straw used as fodder for livestock, and thatching Modifications of grasses during domestication ❖ Increase in individual grain size ❖ Selection for rapid and synchronous germination of seeds ❖ Increased tiller production ❖ Increased stalk strength and dwarf varieties (prevent lodging) ❖ Retention of grains once mature (prevent shattering) Inflorescences of Cereals  Major Cereals A. Rice B. Wheat C. Corn Q1. Which of the above can be grown in Sri Lanka? Q2. Can you relate their occurrence to the climatic zones in Sri Lanka? Rice  Rice ❖ Most important cereal in tropical countries ❖ Originated in South EastAsia over 5000 years ago ❖ 95 % of production is from Southern and EasternAsia  Source : http://cdn3.chartsbin.com/chartimages/l_1009_d5feac26ff458b7a5c1fc78549d80814 Largest rice producers – China, India, Japan, Indonesia, Pakistan Where is the IRRI Located?  Rice varieties ❖ Commonly grown rice - Oryza sativa O. sativa sub sp. indica - tropical climate O. sativa sub sp. japonica - temperate climate O. sativa sub sp. javanica - equatorial climate ❖ Common varieties grown in Sri Lanka eg.A8, BG38, BW ❖ Where is the Rice Research Institute in Sri Lanka located? What do you know about traditional rice varieties ? What is the importance of consuming traditional rice varieties? Traditional rice  Traditional rice Medicinal values variety Promote body growth, improve vocal clarity, Suwandel regulate functioning of the excretory system, help control diabetes Help control diabetes, constipation and obesity, Maa-wee enhance physical strength Enhance physical strength, control the toxic effect Kaluheeneti of snake bites Enhance physical strength, help relieve urinary tract problems, control cardiovascular diseases, support a balanced Pachchaperumal growth of body Help control diabetes, nerve problems, and skin Pokkali diseases  Rice research ❖ International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) - Philippines ❖ Both conventional breeding methods as well molecular biological methods are used  Rice research ❖ Genetical modification of rice eg: Increasing the iron concentration in the endosperm Containing vitamin A (β-carotene) in the grain ❖ Conventional breeding methods eg: First zinc-rich rice variety BRRI dhan 62, was released in Bangladesh (2013)  Uses of Rice ❖ Staple diet for half of the human population ❖ Eaten boiled or steamed ❖ Puffed or popped rice ❖ Starching (laundry), industries (cosmetics, sizing of textile) ❖ Alcoholic beverages ❖ Rice flour ❖ Rice straw ❖ Rice bran Wheat  Wheat Most important cereal in the world ❖ An annual ❖ Domesticated at least 6000 years ago ❖ Spread throughout the world,Asia, Europe ❖ Biggest producers : Russia, USA, China, Canada, India Triticumaestivum - common wheat ❖ Different varieties include: Einkorn, Durum, Emmer, Spelt, Polish Wheat Domestication The combination of the A, B, and D genomes led to common bread wheat Source: https://colostate.pressbook s.pub/app/uploads/sites/8/ 2019/04/ABDABD.jpg Further reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L02-bZyK2iI  Uses of Wheat ❖ Wheat flour Whole wheat flour (entire grain) White flour (starchy endosperm) ❖ Wheat germ (rich in oil) ❖ Wheat bran ❖ Semolina ❖ Alcoholic beverages ❖ Straw https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOyY-T2WkAAQBRv.jpg  Gluten intolerance ❖ Wheat, Rye, Barley – contain gluten ❖ Rice, Sorghum, Corn, Millet – do not contain gluten https://a7b8m3r3.rocketcdn.me/wp- content/uploads/2018/07/5-common- symptoms-of-gluten-intolerance-1.png  Maize / Corn ❖ Monaceous: - bears a tassel and ear / s  Maize ❖ 2nd most important cereal in the world ❖ Naturally cross pollinated and has a large number of varieties Zea mays ❖ Acrop of tropical countries ❖ USA– largest producer ❖ C4 photosynthesis  Uses of Maize ❖ Staple food (LatinAmerica andAfrica) ❖ Grains cooked as a vegetable, or roasted ❖ Immature ears eaten boiled ❖ Corn flour ❖ Straw ❖ Corn oil (soap, glycerin) ❖ Industrial alcohol and alcoholic beverages ❖ Livestock feed ❖ Starch ❖ Cornflakes (grinding the grains), ❖ Popcorn (heating &exploding grains)  Other cereals Barley Oat Rye  Barley ❖ One of the earliest cereals to be domesticated ❖ Cultivated species Hordeumvulgare ❖ At present mainly for livestock feeding ❖ Chief cereal in Beer ❖ Breakfast/ Children food  Sorghum ❖ Domesticated in Ethiopia ❖ Cultivated species Sorghum bicolor ❖ Staple food inAfrica, India, China ❖ Cooked as rice, made into flour ❖ Green plants - Fodder What is referred to as Swayanjatha El hal/ Rath hel Inflorescence Plants of Swayanjatha el hal  Millet There are different types of millets. Proso millet ❖ Cultivated species Panicum milliaceum ❖ Cooked as rice, and made into flour ❖ Green plants - Fodder Finger Millet ❖ Cultivated species Eleusine corocana ❖ Staple food in East and CentralAfrica and India ❖ Made into flour ❖ Alcoholic beverages An example for a pseudo cereal  White water lily seeds Fruits Flowers Seeds Puffed seeds  Economic importance of family Poaceae ❖ Staple diet for most of the world population ❖ Feed for livestock ❖ Alcoholic beverages ❖ Raw material for industries (starch, sugar, fibre, paper) ❖ Essential oils – Cymbopogan spp., Vetiveria spp. ❖ Saccharum spp. – source of sucrose ❖ Construction purposes – bamboo ❖ Packing and thatching materials ❖ Ornamentals ❖ Grasses are the basic food for many domestic and wild animals ❖ Soil conservation ❖ Some are troublesome weeds Cymbopogan Vetiveria Bamboo Sugarecane Vetiveria  Summary ❖ Among the various food crops, cereal is the first crop to be domesticated ❖ There are major and minor types of cereals ❖ There are different uses of cereals ❖Members of family Poaceae are of various economical importance In this session, we have learnt ❖ Traditional uses and potentials - Food sources Cereals In next session, we will learn about ❖ Traditional uses and potentials - Food sources Legumes